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Job training

Training is linked to employee performance and retention. Employees will not reach their full potential and higher levels of productivity will not be achieved unless employees are adequately trained. Georgellis and Lange (2007) define job training is availability of written materials for learning, courses, participation in seminars, and conferences for the employees in organization. Gazioglu and Tansel (2006) signify the positive role of job training on employee job satisfaction.

Training impacts organizational competitiveness, revenue and performance. A poorly trained work force will eventually lead to poor performance and result in costly mistakes. Organizations rely on human resource development interventions to update employee's knowledge, skills and abilities (Woodall, 2005). As the pace of environmental changes, technological development and global competition increases, it becomes more and more important for organizations to train their employees. Training is a form of investment in the skills, knowledge, and abilities of employees; human capital theory predicts that such an investment will lead to increased productivity and firm performance (Becker 1976). Noe et al. (2008, 400) defines development as the acquisition of knowledge, skills and behaviors that improve an employee's ability to meet changes in job requirements and in client and customer demands. Noe et al. (2008, 291-292) comes up with a complex list of current trends in learning instruction methods in employee development. Apart from the traditional face-to-face instruction methods, audiovisual techniques and mobile technologies are gaining popularity.

Esprit de corps

Esprit de corps is seen as adding to team involvement and as an driving force behind team. Esprit de corps is based upon emotions and beliefs that the employee holds about the group. Boyt et al. (2005) argue that team is composed of group of people who collectively depend on each other's work as in shape of team to reach a common objective that acts as biding force for the team. In fact, team spirit is made up of eagerly shared feelings, beliefs and values about group membership and their performance (Boyt et al., 2001). William, Swee-Lim, and Cesar (2005) define esprit de corps as the level to which employee obliged to common goal and to one another in the organization. Boyt et al. (2001) also confirmed the positive correlation between esprit de corps and employee job satisfaction level. There are other authors that argue that increase in esprit de corps due perceived social capital will increase employee satisfaction level.

Job clarity

When addressing the issue of job clarity it is referring to the way employee understand the organizati本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。