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the Green Heart as the back garden”[37] It seems that OMA's example of a meaningful and visionary policy that would deal with the problems head on is still far from being adopted.

Recent measures to restructure formal government sectors have resulted in a reduction in the number of bodies and the creation of regional authorities: small municipalities have been merged, and the water management boards have followed suit so that only four major water boards now exist in the Randstad area. All other attempts at restructuring the government, such as creating city-provinces by cutting urban regions from the realm of their provinces, or the 2006 attempt by a prestigious state committee to create one Randstad province have so far failed.[38] Spatial issues are also becoming more complex; developments are increasingly expanding across municipal and provincial borders.

It would be ignorant to suggest that the partial centralization of the planning process in the Randstad is solely attributed to the influence of Point/South City, but it is reasonable to say that it may have provoked people to initiate this process. Nonetheless, a national planning system that OMA advocated is far from becoming reality.

The illustrations used in Randstad 2040 are visually clear and striking but unlike Point/South City are not reinforced by research or relevant data and are therefore bereft of substance, much like the governments policy on urban expansion.

“In this nationwide city, the roads would become ‘city streets’ and thereby take on an entirely different character. Areas of natural landscape would become ‘city parks’. There would be several water districts and a power-generating zone, as well as a couple of neighborhood committees. In short, you would have NL-CITY.[39]

NL City

The Dutch architecture and urban design practice MVRDV produced NL City in 2004 as part of the publication KM3: Excursions on Capacities. This was a follow-up to the publication of FARMAX, which sought to question and analyse the growing suburban 'greyness' of the Netherlands and to propose new ways of thinking about the homogenization of landscape. KM3 extends this idea to a three-dimensional model, one that “generates space instead of consuming it”[40] and encourages variety in form. It adopts a similar approach to Point/South City by using a similar methodology and elaborating on many of the ideas it put forward. It is an extension of the proposition put forward by OMA and heavily influenced by it.

NL City however, does not disregard context, it is reactionary to the present. The proactive design attempts to counter the culture of pessimism and protectionism that has blighted urbanism, and the disorganised complexity of planning procedure that have forced Dutch cities to compete with each other for resources and populations. MVRDV make the same claim as OMA; Holland is a sprawling string of relatively low density cities with no urban core. NL City will re-organize the Netherlands so that it is no longer a single autonomous nation with independently operating cities, but a single entity that works towards a common goal. Like Point/South City, NL CITY wants to distinctly change the本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。