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e literature fulfil its objectives?
Theoretical framework Has a conceptual or theoretical framework been identified?
Is the framework adequately described?
Is the framework appropriate?
Method and philosophical Has the philosophical approach been identified?
underpinnings Why was this approach chosen?
Have the philosophical underpinnings of the approach been explained?
Sample Is the sampling method and sample size identified?
Is the sampling method appropriate?
Were the participants suitable for informing research?
Ethical considerations Were the participants fully informed about the nature of the research?
Was the autonomy/confidentiality of the participants guaranteed?
Were the participants protected from harm?
Was ethical permission granted for the study?
Data collection/data analysis Are the data collection strategies described?
Are the strategies used to analyse the data described?
Did the researcher follow the steps of the data analysis method identified?
Was data saturation achieved?
Rigour Does the researcher discuss how rigour was assured?
Were credibility, dependability, transferability and goodness discussed?
Findings/discussion Are the findings presented appropriately?
Has the report been placed in the context of what was already known of the phenomenon?
Has the original purpose of the study been adequately addressed?
Conclusions/implications and Are the importance and implications of the findings identified?
recommendations Are recommendations made to suggest how the research findings can be developed?
References Were all the books, journals and other media alluded to in the study accurately referenced?
and are truly grounded in the data. This is congruent with
the philosophical orientation of phenomenology, which
views the subjective experience of participants as central to
the methodology (Burns and Grove, 2001). The conceptual
frameworks or themes that emerge from the study may
then be supported by evidence gleaned from a subsequent
examination of the literature.
The ethnographic approach attempts to examine the
experiences of the person in the context of his/her
natural world and explores the topic of study through the
perceptions of the subjects of study. The literature review in
ethnographic studies is used to demonstrate knowledge of
previous work in the area, as well as frameworks used in the
analysis of data.
According to Meadows (2003), existing literature provides
both the basis for research and the context for interpreting
findings. When critiquing qualitative research studies it is
necessary to appraise the literature review in the context
of the particular methodology used. If the literature review
is appropriate only after the period of data collection, then
the researcher needs to identify how this process is to be
achieved and in what way the literature is going to be used to
determine similarities with or differences from the research
findings. Conversely, if the literature review is carried out
before data collection and analysis, then it is required to
provide a comprehensive and balanced account of previous
work, identifying, where appropriate, the relevant themes,
conceptual models and theoretical frameworks that provide
a sound background to the research.
Research question
In qualitative research, a research question that reflects the
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