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structural adjustments were adviced by world bank and international monetary fund. The country went under further reforms in fiscal, monetary and industrial sectors, in the periods of 1985-86 and 1991-92; that helped the country to reduce its bias against exports or convert to export promoting country from an import substituting country (Hossain M. a., 2002; Rahman, 1995). During this period the de novo hypothesis, that states, that “manufacturing exports becoming a new engine of growth” , replacing total exports (Athukorala, 1998; Helleiner, 1995) were examined against Bangladesh in some empirical literaures (Hossain M. a., 2002; Ahmed N. , 2000; Hossain M. a., 2002).

The study of Hossain M. A. and Karunaratna (2004) conducts analysis to examine whether manufacturing exports has replaced total exports as a new engine of growth for a period of 1974-1999, applying vector error correction and cointegration models. Significant relationships supporting export led growth is found, when the results weaken the de-novo claim and concludes that total exports is still a dominant factor to GDP growth. This is due to the fact that, agricultural exports may dominate the manufacturing exports in total exports, as a pro-agricultural society, that follows the ideology subscribed by Adelman (1984). In a study of cointegration on export and growth by Hossain M.A. and Karunaratna (2003) , empirical findings suggested that the policy reforms in Bangladesh have not been able bring about significant structural changes in the economy, instantly. However. The structural changes have brought about competition, that has fuelled the rigorous implementation of export promoting policies with significant government intervention, and export-led growth is therefore, supported (Hossain M. a., 2004).

The article prepared by Alauddin M. A. and Hossain (2005) examined the long term effects of trade liberalization to the structure of export, import, growth and other relevent variables for a period of 1974-1999. Trade openness was measured with trade openness bias index, restructuring of tariff rates, the degree of openness and positive effects were found. However, the structure of effects change its dominance along with the transitional phase, between trade liberalization, export and growth. The early periods were dominated by agricultural exports and, the newer periods are converting towards industrial outputs; while in Bangladesh, exports are dominated by a few commodities (Alauddin M. A., 2005). A similar study was conducted by Nasiruddin Ahmed (2000) with a aggregate export-supply function for a period of 1974-1995, for Bangladesh. The applied Cointegration and Vector error correction model examines varibles of real quantity of export, real exchange rate, relative exports, trade liberalization proxied by a dummy variable and capacity to prduction proxied by real GDP. The resulting output did find significant relationships between export, growth and trade liberalization. The recommendation for this study was, to better export promotion, trade liberalization should be associated with devaluation,that supports the theory of Dornbusch (1974). For higher export promotion, existing bottlenecks should be removed, and that will reduce anti-export bias (Ahmed N. , 2000). Among the Asia's high power economy countries, in the stu本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。