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m of the 2 Sicilies, ruled by a cruel tyrant named Ferdinand. The revolution managed to issue a constitution from the monarch. Ferdinand though, had no intension in following his constitution. With the help of Austria, he easily managed to suppress the revolution. (ref. H.O. #2 p. 124).
Another revolt was then initiated in Piedmont Sardinia. The Carbonari tried to link the revolt with a revolt in Lombardy, but with no success. Austria and Piedmont Sardinia easily suppressed all revolts. (ref. H.O. #2 p. 124).

By 1830, other feeble tries to suppress Austrians were tried, but all led to failure. Italy wasn't ready for unification. The secret societies weren't strong enough and even worse, not coordinated. They initiated their revolts at different times, allowing the Austrians to deal with them one by one. Maybe the Austrian army would've been defenseless against a series of revolution all occurring at the same time. (ref. Mr. Patrick 12/1/01 history class).

On 1829 a passionate Carbonari rebel called Mazzini was caught and sent to exile into France. In exile, Mazzini formed a society called 'Young Italy'. Its ideals were to unify Italy under a republic with no foreign rule or influence. The society gained a lot of popularity, mainly among students. The ideals of a unified Italy were strongly placed inside many minds thanks to Mazzini and his society.

Mazzini later tried to convince Charles Albert (ruler of Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies) into helping him fight against the Austrians, but with no success.

Young Italy led many revolts across Italy but all were suppressed. Mazzini's name was to be heard again. (ref. H.O. #1 p. 31).

1848 - 1849 revolution In 1846, a liberal pope was elected. His name was Pope Pius 9th. He resented the cruel rule led by the former pope, and was ready to grant concessions, free liberalist prisoners, and he acted against the tortures of the inquisition in the Papal State. He seemed quite a promising future to many Liberalists and Nationalists. (ref. H.O. #1 p. 32).

The liberalist saw another hope when Charles Albert, successor to the throne of Piedmont Sardinia proved to dislike Austrian presence in Italy, and saw no problem in sending them away. (ref. H.O. #1 p. 133).

The first revolt occurred on January 1848. Following revolutions in other European countries (e.g. France & Hungary), an overnight revolution took place in The Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies. The revolution forced Ferdinand into once again, publishing a constitution.

The revolution in the kingdom of the 2 Sicilies soon motivated all of Italy. By March Charles Albert deliberately published a constitution. He wanted to have his people behind him on his campaign to expel Austrians from Italy. By then, also the pope reluctantly released a constitution. (ref. H.O. #2 p. 127)

Thanks to the successful turns of events, on 17th of March, the Milanese rose against the Austrian army and successfully defeated it, and on 22nd of Venice, a Venice expelled Austrian army, and under Daniel Manin, proclaimed itself a Republic.
The revolution seemed unstoppable. All waited for Charles Albert to invade Lombardy and help them expel Austrians. But Charles Albert delayed too long before coming to a decision. When he finally sent his troops at the end of March, the Austria