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一、用比喻的修辞手法实现美学价值
比喻(Figures of speech)是语言艺术的升华,是最富有诗意的语言形式之一,是语言的信息功能和美学功能的有机结合。华盛顿•欧文在描写卡兹尔丛山的景色时,用了如下的比喻:Their summits in the last rays of the setting sun will glow and light up like a crown of glory.(山顶在落日的余辉照耀下,象一顶灿烂的皇冠,放射着异彩。)海明威曾把一位因疲劳过度而竞技状态不佳的拳击运动员比喻为:He’s stale as poorhouse cake.(他活象贫民收容所里的饼干一样干瘪。)这些在人们阅读和欣赏中都留下了深刻印象,格外新颖别致。
从认识论的角度讲,自然界的复杂性、人类认识的局限性以及语言系统自身在表达上的局限性,使得人们只能通过较为简单的事物去说明复杂的道理。比喻的目的在于创造一种非形象性语言所不具备的感染力。因此,比喻的语言总是通过富有想象力的描述,使信息的接受者(读者)更加深刻地领会信息,在大量的文学作品当中,比喻是那么绚丽流畅,美不胜收,使人们读起来,喜悦的美感油然而生。如:He seemed to dry up and bend like a tree whose roots lack water. (Stan Barstow )(他活象一棵因根部缺水而干枯弯曲的树木。)这个比喻生动、形象,一位干瘪无力的老人形象便惟妙惟肖地出现在我们面前。另如:The cripples pass like question marks.这里的“question”既勾画出跛子的佝偻形象,又暗示了残疾给他们造成的痛苦。逻辑性的论述加上比喻性的描写,不仅能使语言的表达更有活力、更加形象,而且能赋予作品更多的色彩和情味,从而引起读者的各种联想和共鸣。再如:These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish reaching to the very verge of despair.(Bertrand Russell)(这种激情,像巨风似的,吹得我忽东忽西,掠过一片痛苦的海洋,一直到达绝望的边缘。)句中a deep ocean of anguish, the very verge of despair深情地表达了他所走过的曲折道路,以及精神上所受到的痛苦折磨。在一般作品和人们的对话中,英美人的比喻也是随处可见。比如Happiness is a perfume you can’t pour on others without a few drops on yourself.(R.W.Emerson)(幸福好比一瓶香水,你把它洒到别人身上,自己也定会沾上几滴。)把“happiness”比作“a perfume”已让人仿佛闻到了“perfume”的芬芳气息,可是作者意犹未尽,道出对幸福的感受:分享幸福,如同泼洒香水,自己也会沾上几滴。这种用法是英语修辞中一种特殊的喻类辞格———延伸比喻(Extended Metaphor)。这种延伸比喻富于哲理,读后使人难以忘怀。比喻手段在一般的科技文章中也同样使用:With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.(随着这些新工具的开发研制,人类仿佛一夜之间成为思维的百万富翁。)
在人们的日常会话中,许多名词短语,常常就是一个完整的比喻格,如: a triangle affair (三角关系),the open door policy (开放政策); the melting pot (熔炉)用来指美国,用big wheel (大车轮)来指“大人物”非常形象的表现了所表达的事物的特点,犹如一幅漫画,栩栩如生。

二、用排比的修辞手法实现语言的美学价值
在篇章结构中,恰当运用并列结构做排比(Parallelism)手法能使文笔流畅,描写生动,抒情叙事,趣味盎然。美国著名诗人亨利•沃兹沃斯•朗费罗受其诗的影响,他的散文诗意盎然,朴素流畅。The First Snow一文只有118个字,但内容丰富,写景生动,读者除了能领略作者所描绘的美妙的景色,更为作者朴素流畅、充满诗意的语言叫绝,这其中排比修辞手法功不可没。现摘选如下,以飨读者:
The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. Nor more tramping hoofs no more rattling wheels! Only the chimming of sleighbells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children.[1](P26)
在演说和一些议论文中,排比手法运用得当,能显得语言简练,表达有力,节奏感强。美国总统林肯1863年11月19日的《在葛底斯堡烈士公墓落成典礼上的致词》,整篇演说只有十句,虽不足3分钟,却是流传千古的佳作。
“……It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain;that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。