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t on public expenditure in building public facilities and infrastructure in the city. Absalyamov (2015) further proposed that large events could accelerate development of urban roads and infrastructure construction, making a city have an access to advanced development, so as to promote the overall competitiveness of the city. Maiello and Pasquinelli (2015) figured that the events will bring about the improvement of urban facilities and the development of public transport, urban tourist reception facilities will be strengthened accordingly, it will also have a broad and far-reaching impact on urban housing, urban renewal, urban image enhancement and other aspects.
Matheson, Rimmer and Tinsley (2014) were from a social and cultural point of view to comment that events can have a positive impact on the image of a host city, residents' awareness, local culture and so on. He believed that global events provide a kind of opportunities to publicize and show their culture to get the identification from the outside world, which helps to improve a host city's image. Roche1 (1994) found that Sheffield was through successfully hosting the 1991 World University Games to change its city image of a traditional manufacturing city into a world-renowned sports city. Caiazza and Audretsch (2015) mentioned that hosting large events can promote the cultural exchanges between different countries around the world, which plays a catalytic role for the development of local multiculturalism.
However, some scholars found from the environmental point of view that large event marketing also have widespread negative effects on a city's physical environment, such as the destruction of traditional urban landscape, urban duplication of similar projects, regional development imbalance and environmental costs of large-scale construction (Maiello and Pasquinelli, 2015; Clark, Kearns and Cleland, 2016).

3.0 Impact of the Edinburgh International Festival on Scottish society 爱丁堡国际节日对苏格兰社会的影响
3.1 Economic impact
Wu, Li and Lin (2016) found that the festivals held have a positive effect on the promotion of local economic development and employment, the Edinburgh International Festival has also played a role in this regard. The Edinburgh International Festival (Hereinafter referred to as the festival) founded in 1947 has become the most influential festival in the world. It includes the International Arts Festival, the Fringe Festival, the Military Band, the Jazz Festival, the International Film Festival and the Book Fair, which constitute the world's artistic carnival. The Edinburgh International Festival has thus become a symbol of and logo of the city of Edinburgh. The International Arts Festival is one of the most celebrated arts festivals in the world, attracting musicians and millions of world tourists from all over the world every year (Sorgenfrei, 2006).
The annual Edinburgh International Festival stimulates the tourism industry, it is now inextricably linked to the city of Edinburgh. According to the report published by the Edinburgh Municipal Government, the annual Edinburgh International Festival has a huge boost influence on the city of Edinburgh and the Scottish economy, it was estimated that the investment of per ￡ 1 would bring the net income of ￡ 17. The annual festival has brought the economic benefits of ￡ 170 million and ￡ 184 million respectively for Edinburgh and Scotland; to remove the costs, t