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utions to African problems is not to, however, to be blown out of proportion. Reluctance to accept contributions from non-African countries –as the GoS has done- that could considerably ameliorate problems of a humanitarian nature or important otherwise, has been counterproductive to the overall objective of an operation like UNAMIS.

Restricted Access

Perhaps one of the most pervasive challenges for UNAMID has been the lack of internal support for the mission. The initial reluctance of the GoS to accept a mission to Darfur has been mirrored all throughout the operation. The Sudanese government has, for example, denied and unnecessarily delayed visas to humanitarian workers and UN personnel. Furhermore, instances “where Khartoum-based decision to support UNAMID word are not implemented locally” have not been uncommon “this relates especially to freedom of movement for UNAMID personnel and customs clearances to allow equipment into sudan.”(s/2009/352) The UN and AU have worked extensively to assure government support of their operations with measures such as having a Joint Mediation mechanism and confidence-building such as with the Tripartite Talks mechanism. In report 352 of 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon expressed optimism over 'considerable improvement in the quality of the Government's cooperation with the mission.' (s/2009/352) He however, has expressed deep concern in many of the subsequent reports for the continued restrictions the GoS has placed on UNAMID's freedom of movement. It is important to note, however, that Rebel groups also impede UNAMID’s work by restricting its mobility. In the three month period before Secretary Ban Ki-moon’s January 29, 2010 report 'UNAMID recorded 21 restrictions on freedom of movement: 6 by Government forces and 15 by non-governmental actors.' (s/2010/050). Moreover, The volatile character of governmental support, including its inconstant participation in confidence building mechanism such as High- level Committee meetings, the Darfur wide forum, among others, is a source of perennial instability for UNAMID and an issue that affects the humanitarian situation in the region. If UNAMID cannot access places where armed clashes have occurred, it cannot correctly assess their humanitarian needs, thus delaying humanitarian assistance.

The humanitarian question

There were mixed reactions all throughout the world when the ICC issued an arrest warrant for President Omar al-Bashir. Some thought that the official Sudanese response would mean the end of UNAMID and a setback for the peace process, while some applauded ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo’s decision because it raised awareness over the humanitarian situation in Darfur.

Restricted access imposed by Sudan's armed forces and other groups limit UNAMID's capacity to fulfil its mandate.

Challenges: deploying and supporting a large force and in mitigating its environmental impact.

Sudan's blockage to the full deployment of UNAMID.

The humanitarian situation and pressure from the international civil society for more robust humanitarian action.

The leakage of the conflict to Chad and CAR.

Particularities

The African Character

As mentioned before, pressure from the GoS resulted in a compromise being made during the Addis Abeba