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st cases, more or less negative. However, in this study, a significant and moderate relationship was found between feminity and self-esteem for the female gender only.

It was also found, as observed by Joshanloo and Afshari (2009), that possessing feminine traits was related to high levels of life satisfaction. These provide support for the gender difference hypothesis. Shichman and Cooper (1984) argued that individuals with feminine attributes consider the socio-emotional features of life as more important and enjoy it accordingly while those with masculine traits choose the instrumental aspects of life as being more worthwhile. Adding to it, Daig et al (2009) found a difference in the domains in which women and men were more likely to be satisfied. Women were better satisfied in the family domain and higher levels of satisfaction were felt in leisure activities for men. Unfortunately, the questionnaire used in this study did not assess life satisfaction in the different domains that might affect people's life.

表现出他们期望的性别属性和那些不在生活满意度和自尊之间有一个差异？-Would there be a difference in life satisfaction and self-esteem between individuals who display their expected gender attributes and those who do not?

Kagan (1964) suggested that males and females who abide by their masculine and feminine gender traits respectively will be more psychologically composed than those who follow cross-type gender attributes. He called this the congruency model. Hence, according to Kagan, there should be a difference in self-esteem and life satisfaction between individuals who report gender attributes congruent with their gender and those with cross-type gender characteristics.

It was observed from the findings that both males reporting masculine traits and females with masculine traits correlated negatively with self-esteem. Hence, high levels of self-esteem were associated to both masculine and feminine attributes related to males and females respectively. These results provide support for the congruence model. For their behaviour to be consistent with their attitudes, individuals would be more inclined to maintain congruence between their behaviour and their gender-role identity (Kagan, 1964). Such congruence would provide them with a strong self-esteem. However, Whitley (1893) found no support for the congruence model; from a meta-analysis of 35 studies, he actually found no empirical support for the model.

For those who reported cross-type gender attributes, no significant evidence was found to relate males who reported feminine traits with self-esteem. But, a strong relationship was found for females who reported masculine traits and self-esteem. Women with masculine traits actually reported higher levels of self-esteem. This support previous studies, such as that by Whitley (1893), who argued that scoring high on masculinity was more strongly and positively related to high self-esteem than scoring high on feminity for both men and women; such that possessing masculine traits were seen as the desired and favourable attribute. Indeed, a stronger association was found between masculine women and self-esteem (r = -0.60), than between feminine women and self-esteem (r = -0.44). Antill and Cunningham (1979) also found that correlations between femininity and self-esteem, for both sexes were slightly negative than correlating masculinity with self-esteem.

Hence,