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本实证研究中，作者随机选取山东省济南市1所高校的55名英语专业大学生进行调查。本文以自我决定理论作为研究的理论基础；在数据收集过程中，采取调查问卷的形式；在数据分析时，作者应用了统计软件SPSS17.0以保证分析结果的真实性和有效性。
Chapter One Literature Review
1.1.An Overview of the Studies on Learner Autonomy
1.1.1.An Overview of the Studies on Learner Autonomy abroad
The development of leaner autonomy in theory and in practice have roughly gone through three stages:stage one from 1960s to 1970s,stage two from 1980s to 1990s,and stage three from 1990s up to now.
George Kelly’s(1963)personal construct theory,developed within the field of Psychology,was an important early influence on the theory of autonomy.Kelly’s psychology views human thought as a process of hypothesis testing and theory building involving the continual development and revision of constructs,or meaning attached to objects or events in the light of new experience.Personal constructs are derived from shared assumptions and values,but systems of constructs are unique to the individual since they are shaped through attempts to make sense of experiences that are uniquely one’s own.
Western Educationalists advocated setting training learner’s responsibility as the goal of education since 1960s.Then,it set off a wave of developing learners’“learning skills”,“key skills”and“life-long learning skills”in the field of education.The concept of autonomy has evolved through history,but it was in the 1970s when Henri Holec introduced the term to the field of second language pedagogy as a conceptual tool to discuss alternatives to the established language teaching tradition in the context of adult language learning.Thus the concern with English teaching and learning has shifted from the teachers’teaching to the students’learning.As Gremmo and Riley(1995)have pointed out,the work by Holec and his associates was a response to the political milieu in France in the late 1960s and shared its ideological stance with contemporary critics of the traditional educational system,such as Ivan Illich(1970),Freire Paulo(1978)and Carl Rogers(1969).
Since 1980s,focus shifted to the development of learner independence in practice.The purpose is to enable learners to obtain the necessary strategies and skills so that they can learn independently after they leave school.In 1981,Henri Holec published Autonomy and Language Learning,which introduces Learner Autonomy.In his book,he advocated that the subject of learning is students and the learning responsibility should be shifted from teachers to students.In the process of autonomous learning,students set up their own learning goals, chose their learning materials and methods independently,etc..Holec believes that learner autonomy ability is not inherent and the development of the ability depends on teachers’help.
Leslie Dickinson published Self-instruction in Language Learning in 1984.He emphasized on displaying the advantages of various forms of self-instruction in this exploration of the ways teachers can help students become more independent in their language learning.He also introduced exercise material,activities,and testing techniques in his book.

Bibliography
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Bandura,A.Self-Efficiency:The Exercise of Control.[M].New York:W.H.Freeman,1997.
Benson,P.&P.Voller.Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning.[M].London：Longman,19本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。