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本文是一篇英语论文范文，笔者认为弥尔顿的《失乐园》物理、精神、社会空间三一论不仅与勇敢、公正、慷慨的德性三元论建立了史诗般的艺术链接，还突破了西方由来已久的身心二元论的窠臼，为打破英王查理二世的国王二体论的保皇派专制镣铐，构建民众、议会和国王合一的新型三位一体（共和）政府，进行了文学伦理学的空间预演，因而具有不可忽略的先锋意义。

Chapter OneCourage Reflected in Satan’s Movement inPhysical Space

A.Route From Heaven to Hell

Courage is an ancient philosophical concept.In the Western tradition,notablethoughts on courage have come from philosophers like Socrates,Plato,Aristotle,Aquinas,and Kierkegaard,as well as Christian beliefs and texts.Plato in ancient Greececonsidered courage as one of the“four main virtues”and systematically discussed thevirtue of courage.Plato did not give a clear definition of courage,but revealed what istrue courage.Courage is neither“fearlessness”and“persistence”that General Lacksthinks on the basis of lack of knowledge consideration,nor that General Nicias4 regards courage as an omnipotent and supernatural knowledge.True courage means temperance,wisdom and justice,and brave knowledge is a kind of knowledge involving virtue andsoul.In The Republic,Plato describes courage as a sort of perseverance—“preservationof the belief that has been inculcated by the law through education about what thingsand sorts of things are to be feared”.Plato explains this perseverance as being able topersevere through all emotions,like suffering,pleasure,and fear.As a desirable quality,courage is discussed broadly in Aristotle in the context of a glorious death in battle for anoble cause.In Nicomachean Ethics,where its absence is the vice of cowardice and itsexcess the vice of recklessness,courage represents the mean between the two extremes.

Satan is the greatest traveler in Paradise Lost,and has been to many places andspaces that are related to religious beliefs and political positions.Satan’s courage firstlydisplayed in heaven.Satan’s heroic spirit lies in having the courage to fight against thehighest authority,he fought for equality and freedom,overthrew God’s dictatorship,andled rebellious angels to fight against God.In Paradise Lost,Satan dares to first doubtabsolute orders that are unreasonable which other angels blindly obeyed.He led peopleto resist and launched a war in heaven.Although the first round failed,he refused toadmit that and never discouraged.

B.Position From Centre to Margin

Just as Lefebvre says,“The practical‘I’,which is inseparably individual and social,is in a space where it must either recognize itself or lose itself.”(61)Although Satan’sroute from heaven to hell seems to lose his position in heaven,it indeed improvesSatan’s position because for the first time Satan holds the leadership and keeps thecentre position in a new social environment.However,after Satan leaves hell to Eden,he absolutely loses this kind of centre position.The isolation and new environment’smargin position add Satan’s confusion and pain.Satan always considers himself as thecentre of the whole world,but during the fight in Satan’s heart,this thought hold on,which expresses Satan’s courage.

The scenes of Paradise Lost are arbitrarily switched between the three realms.Thefirst two volumes focus on Satan and his ilk who lost the Heaven War in hell and wasdemoted;The third volume changes the narrative scene to heaven,and God and Son ofGod discuss Satan’s plot to tempt Adam and Eve;The background of the fourth本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。