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divided into 8 categories (MARINO, 2005, p. 8) Sandwich only accounts for 1/8, but because of its unique speed and price for fast food, the substitutes might not be very high in US or western markets, if we looked into the global markets, at least In China, a lot of substitutes are available at attractive price, so the score in this aspect was moderate 5 Buyers view on substitutes The case mentioned that there is a trend for the more healthy conscious customers to turn into other substitutes, and even there was a lawsuit brought by eight teens against four fast-food chains for causing obesity (MARINO, 2005, p. 7), all that increases the threats from substitutes, fortunately most of the companies within the industry took turnaround measures through offering healthier menu items, so the score in terms of that was moderate too 5 Buyers costs to switch to substitutes The substitutes for the products from fast food industry might either time consuming or more expensive or not as tasteful as those from current fast food industry, The buyers might face the difficult decision to turn to substitutes especially in US Markets, But the situation is not same in other countries, for example in China, it does not cost customers anything to pursue the substitutes, 5 Based on the above analysis, To be more precise, we probably need to analyze this terms on the basis of different markets. In US domestic markets, the threats from substitutes could be moderate with the score below 5, while in global markets the threats could be higher with the score well above 5. Competitive pressures from Supplier bargaining power Indicators Case facts Score Supplier items is a commodity readily available in the markets All the major supplier items for fast food industry are commodity like goods, such as potatoes, vegetable, beefs, which are readily available in the markets, so the bargaining power at single supplier is relatively low 2 Whether a few large suppliers are the primary sources The cases did not provide too many facts on that, but it will less likely that a few large farms will control the markets. 2 Whether it is difficult or costly for industry members to switch their purchases As the standard commodities, most of the supply items for fast food industry will not require too much switch cost, because most of the commodities are readily available in the markets 1 Whether supplier provide a differentiate input The supplier might require some inspection on those commodities, however, there is not too much differentiate inputs required 3 Whether supplied items accounts for a sizable fraction of the costs of the industry's product The case did not provide the data on that, but we can imagine that due to the saturation of the markets and lower selling price of the product, the cost portion is surely turning to be more significant, and as Thompson indicated the buyer will be more price-sensitive. 2 Average 2 Based on the above analysis, the suppliers bargaining power is very low for fast food industry Competitive Pressure stemming from buyer Bargaining power Indicators Case facts Score Buyer's cost of switch As Thompson (2005, p. 65) mentioned 'buyers who can readily switch brands or source from several sellers have more negotiating leverage' For the fast food industry, the individual consumer can easily change the brand without incurring any costs, so the score in this aspect in higher 9 The size of the buyers 'Individual