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managerial behaviors that were discussed informally during the interviews. Since the interviews were unstructured, the questionnaire provided information on all topics and in a consistent format. Quantitative research typically randomly selects a sample from the stated population so that inferences can then be made regarding some characteristic or behavior of this population. Due to the small number of Original IBM Sectors (OISs) managers, random sampling was not appropriate. The researcher sent all participants who were going to be interviewed a questionnaire prior to the interview. An email was sent with the questionnaire describing the intent of the study and providing information about responding to the questionnaire. The completed questionnaires were returned to the researcher by emails.
3.4 Research Strategies
In this research, case study was used. Within the Lenovo Corporation, the target sectors were first picked from the phone directory and accessed them by phones and emails in order to seek approval for conducting the survey. The same process was repeated until eight sectors with more than 200 employees agreed to participate in the survey. From the total of responses targeted, some responses were expected to come from the Original IBM Sectors (OISs) and some from the Original Lenovo Sectors (OLSs). This research focused on both Original IBM Sectors (OISs) and Original Lenovo Sectors (OLSs) because it was assumed that the OISs from the country not dominated by Chinese would be likely to have strong organization culture from their home country. Hence, they are less likely influenced by the local culture as compared to OLSs. This assumption, based on Tan (2000) and Robins (2004), was tested in the study. The ownership of the sectors was also used for determining the types of sectors, namely OLSs and OISs. This approach was used to remove any biases. Once the final questionnaire was ready for administering, appointments with the managers of the sectors were arranged at their convenience. The questionnaires were then personally brought to the sectors and passed to the managers to be emailed or circulated among his/her subordinates (i.e. the executives) to fill in. In addition, this also aimed to ensure higher response rate. Those sectors that preferred to receive the questionnaires by email were then sent to them. In this case study, subsequent interviews were adopted to satisfy the qualitative aspect of the research findings and clarifying any doubts not answerable by the questionnaire results.
3.5 Research Methods
3.5.1 Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a set of questions designed to generate the data necessary for accomplishing the objectives of the research project (Gate & McDaniel, 1998). It is a formalized schedule for collecting information from respondents. The questionnaire was utilized to focus on the themes of the study and to team of the various activities and behavior managers would implement when interacting with an employee. However, to creating the right questionnaire requires both hard work and creativity.
A questionnaire provides standardization and uniformity in the data-gathering process. It standardizes the wording and sequencing of the questions. McDaniel et al. (1998) indicated that an elaborate sampling plan, well-trained interviewers, proper statistical analysis techniques, and good editing and coding accomplish nothing if the questionnaire is poorly designed.
There are five main t