英国硕士经济贸易历史论文 [14]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-09-29编辑:yangcheng点击率:29162
论文字数:12254论文编号:org201409272336287848语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:商队之路丝绸之路Silk Road大集市模型
摘要:本文是一篇留学生经济贸易历史的作业,已知的最古老的商队之路是西亚的丝绸之路。根据出生在伊斯坦布尔的m . Cerasi描述,其结构就像集市一样。
市场不仅仅是购物的地方,这是一个生产的地方并且拥有巨大的经济价值。在这个模型以前资本主义很难区分出集市的财政和工厂价值与文化的区别。
br />
74
75
GDP (US $ billion)
735
778
N.A
GDP Per capita (US$)
10000
10,500
N.A
Real GDP Growth (%)
9.2
8.5
3.2
Inflation (average %)
8.6
6.5
9.4 (Jun)
Unemployment (%)
11.9
9.9
8.2 (Jun)
Exports of goods (US$ billion)
114
135
74 (Jan-Jun)
Growth rate (%)
+12
+19
+13 (Jan-Jun)
Imports of goods (US$ billion)
186
241
117 (Jan-Jun)
Growth rate (%)
+32
+30
-2 (Jan-Jun)
Exchange Rate: US$1 to 1.80 Turkish Lira (TL) (August average)
Current Economic Situation??Thanks largely to the nascent global recovery and its low interest rates and sustained public spending ahead of general election in June 2011, the Turkish economy ended last year with strong GDP growth of 8.5%. Under the dark cloud of the European sovereign debt crisis and the political uncertainty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, however, the sharp improvements of labor and credit market conditions have shown signs of cooling in recent months, while industrial production has faltered in light of slowing demand from its major export markets. With a more restrictive monetary and fiscal policy mix coming into play to rein in inflation and external imbalances, Turkey is forecast to see growth moderate to a more sustainable pace in the balance of 2012. The tightening credit conditions and the uninspiring economic conditions in many of its trading partners are set to limit the contribution to growth of investment, industrial production and exports, while the deteriorating employment prospects and higher lending rates are set to cool domestic demand. On the whole, Turkey is forecast to see a slower growth of 3.2% in 2012.??Trade Policy??Turkey has significantly liberalised its import regime, especially in the last decade. Any individual or enterprise can freely register to engage in the import business. It is a member of the WTO, and its tariff scheme is based on the Harmonised System (HS) for commodity coding.??EU-Turkey Customs Union??The EU-Turkey Customs Union came into force in January 1996, under which Turkey and the EU have abolished all customs duties, other surcharges and import quotas levied on most manufactured products from each other. Turkey has also adopted the EU’s Common External Tariffs imposed on imports from third countries and economies. Products imported from sources other than the EU and Turkey can thus move freely within the EU and Turkey, if all import formalities have been complied with and customs duties, or charges having an equivalent effect, have been levied in the importing country.??Nonetheless, traditional agricultural products are not covered by the arrangements, and will be included in the Customs Union only after Turkey has completed the alignment of its agricultural sector with the EU’s common agricultural policy. On the other hand, some industrial products from the least developed and developing countries (including the Chinese mainland) benefit from the EU’s Gen
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