摘要:本文是一篇留学生经济贸易历史的作业,已知的最古老的商队之路是西亚的丝绸之路。根据出生在伊斯坦布尔的m . Cerasi描述,其结构就像集市一样。
市场不仅仅是购物的地方,这是一个生产的地方并且拥有巨大的经济价值。在这个模型以前资本主义很难区分出集市的财政和工厂价值与文化的区别。
ss. It is a member of the WTO, and its tariff scheme is based on the Harmonised System (HS) for commodity coding.
EU-Turkey Customs Union
The EU-Turkey Customs Union came into force in January 1996, under which Turkey and the EU have abolished all customs duties, other surcharges and import quotas levied on most manufactured products from each other. Turkey has also adopted the EU’s Common External Tariffs imposed on imports from third countries and economies. Products imported from sources other than the EU and Turkey can thus move freely within the EU and Turkey, if all import formalities have been complied with and custom duties, or charges having an equivalent effect,
Economic Trends/Outlook in Turkeyhave been levied in the importing country.
Nonetheless, traditional agricultural products are not covered by the arrangements, and will be included in the Customs Union only after Turkey has completed the alignment of its agricultural sector with the EU’s common agricultural policy. On the other hand, some industrial products from the least developed and developing countries (including the Chinese mainland) benefit from the EU’s Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). With the creation of the Customs Union between the EU and Turkey, such products are also covered under Turkey’s GSP regime.
Measures not covered by the Customs Union
Trade-protection measures such as anti-dumping, however, have not been eliminated between the EU and Turkey. Such protective measures have likewise not been eliminated with respect to dumped and subsidised products from third countries. In other words, Turkey has its own anti-dumping actions, which are separate from those of the EU. Turkey used to impose safeguard quotas on certain textile products originating from the Chinese mainland, which were again different and separate from those of the EU, but they were expired by the end of 2008.
Product standards
The Turkish Standards Institution, or TSE, is the product standardisation body of Turkey, responsible for setting product standards and ensuring compliance. Taking electrical and electronic products as an example, while there is a minimum two-year warranty requirement, it is also necessary to obtain technical approval by TSE, and attain the European CE standard certification under the requirements set out by TSE, before the products can be imported and placed onto the Turkish market. As for toys, TSE also imposes a number of safety standards, which in large follow those required by the EU. Therefore, the attainment of CE standards certification can serve as a good reference for fulfilling the TSE requirements.
Balance of Trade
The difference between the monetary value of exports and imports gives us the balance of trade in a country’s economy over a certain period of time. A trade surplus means a positive balance of trade and consists of exporting more than importing, a trade deficit in other words a negative balance of trade which decreases the net international asset position. In july 2012, Turkey reported a trade deficit equivalent to 7,889 Million USD.
Historically, from 1984 until 2012, Turkey Balance of Trade averaged -2215.93 Million USD reaching an all time high of -2.00 Million USD in December of 1988 and a record low of -10453.00 Million USD in September of 2011. Turkey major exports a
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