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个人购房者指的是那些买给自己或家人的产品或服务。什么样的个人消费者购买的消费产品。个人消费是工业买家/买方组织的。一个工业买方”指的是那些决定买物质上的东西，副产品，完成了产品或服务的政府组织，企业和非营利组织支持其运作，进一步处理或转售利润的追求。Individual buyers refer to those who buy products or services for themselves or their families. What individual consumers buy are consumption products. Individual consumer is opposite to industrial buyer/organizational buyer. https://www.51lunwen.org/culture/ An industrial buyer refers to someone who makes decisions to buy material stuff, by-products, finished products or services for an organization like government, enterprise and non-profit organization to support its operation, to further process or to resell for the pursuit of profit. The purchasing processes of individual consumer and organizational buyer are much the same. The basic steps in a purchase process are information search, information evaluation, purchase decision and post-purchase evaluation, which fit both individual consumer and industrial buyer. Both individual consumer and industrial buyer are influenced by internal factors and external factors in purchase process. Individual consumer and industrial buyer are all constrained by their budget. They both choose what they think are better products or services. 　However the differences between individual consumer and industrial buy are also considerable. The most apparent difference is that industrial buyer purchase products or service in much larger quantities. Industrial buyers are more innovated by profit objective, while individual consumers try to reach greatest utility. Individual consumer makes buying his or her own decisions, whereas industrial buyer has to co-decide with others like accountants and salespeople to respond to the various needs and perspective in the organization. There is also a noticeable difference between individual consumer and industrial buy in price elasticity of demand. Individual can buy more products when they are cheap and buy fewer when they are expensive, but industrial buyers have to purchase fixed quantity of a product as before despite the changing price. Individual consumers are mainly influenced by their four characteristics: cultural, personal, social and psychological. Industrial buyers are influenced by the purchasing center which displays straight re-buys, modified re-buys and new tasks, three types of buying situation. 　Culture is one of the most abstract and important terminology for life and study. There are multiple definitions of culture. Parson T. (1949) thinks that culture lies in the patterns that are relative to behavior and human actions that may be passed on from generation to generation. Useem J. and & Useem R. (1963) define culture as the learned and shared behavior of people in a community. Hofstede G. (1984) treats culture as the collective programming of members’ mind which distinguishes them from those who are not members of a particular category. Whatever the definitions of culture are, they all highlight the uniformity of people’s ideas and activities. It is certain that it affects individual consumers’ and industrial buyers’ consumption behavior. According to Del I. Hawkins (1989), to understand the cultural difference of consumers we should understand the difference in values of people from different cultural background. He classified value into others-oriented value, environment-oriented value and self-oriented value. Other lingual and non-lingual factors also influence consumers’ behavior, like different meanin本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。