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Abstract] In this paper, the r ole of English in the context of gl obalizati on is discussed . Firstly, the causes and manifestati ons of gl obalizati on are briefly reviewed . Secondly, the r ole of English as a medium of intercultural communicati on is discussed, and the maj or types of English in the world that have evolved al ongwith gl obalizati on are elaborated . Thirdly, the drawbacks of cultural gl obalizati on are als o summarized .
The Trend of Globa l i za ti on
Thr oughout hist ory, adventurers, generals, merchants, and fin2anciers have constructed an ever - more - gl obal economy . As gl ob2allymobile cap ital reorganizes business fir ms, it s weep s away regu2lati on and undermines l ocal and nati onal
Politics . Gl obalizati on cre2ates new markets and wealth, even as it causes widesp read suffer2ing, disorder, and unrest . It is both a s ource of rep ressi on and a cat2alyst for gl obalmovements of s ocial justice and emanci pati on .This trend of gl obalizati on has been br ought about by changesin several aspects of human s ociety . Firstly, technol ogical devel op2ments in infor mati on technol ogy ( IT) have transformed the work2p lace,work itself, and how work is done, and accelerated fir ms’ gl o2balizati on p r ocesses . TheWorldWideWeb, as a new medium of in2formati on exchange, not only enables users t o access instant informa2ti on from any where in the world, but als o makes it possible for firmst o carry outwork 24 hours a day ar ound the gl obe,with work teammembers l ocated in different parts of the .
Secondly, the growing i mportance of theWorld Trade Organiza2ti on (WT O) and regi onal trade arrangements has also sti mulated e2conomic integrati on and interdependence among countries . Since itsestablishment in 1995, theWT O has expanded the coverage of freetrade from manufactured goods only ( as covered by the General A2greement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT) , t o including services andagricultural p r oducts . Its r ound after round of free trade negotiati onshas led t o growing liberalizati on of nati onal economic policies t owardforeign invest ment, and deregulati on of internati onal fiscal and mo2netary markets in its member economies . Regi onal free trade ar2rangements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFT A) and the Eur opean Uni on ( EU) , have further liberalizedtheirmember economies, resulting in the emergence of nascent trulyunified markets with their res pective“s pheres of influence” . I n theEU, for examp le, free cr oss - border fl ow covers not only goods,services, and cap ital, but als o peop le; peop le can freely move andwork any where within its boundary .
Thirdly, the opening up of former command economies, es pe2cially China and the former Soviet Uni on, has greatly expanded thescope of gl obal economic integrati on . In the case of China, since herWT O accessi on in 1999, foreign firms, es peciallyMNCs fr om indus2trialized countries, have been steadily increasing their direct invest2ment in this country . I n 2003, China attracted a t otal ofUS$ 53 bil2li on of inward FD I and overt ook the United States t o become theworld’s largest FD I reci p ient . Foreign firms have been attracted t oChina p ri marily by her large domestic market potential and l ow costlabor,which means that their subsidiaries in China not only enablethem t o better exp l oit China’ s huge domesti
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