英语论文网

ons
by providing greater career stability, establishing
more formal rules, not tolerating deviant
ideas and behaviors, and believing in
absolute truths and the attainment of expertise.
Nevertheless, societies in which uncertainty
avoidance is strong are also characterized
by a higher level of anxiety and
aggressiveness that creates, among other
things, a strong inner urge in people to work
hard. (See Figure 2.)Individualism-Collectivism
The third dimension encompasses Individualism
and its opposite. Collectivism. Individualism
implies a loosely knit social framework
in which people are supposed to take
care of themselves and of their immediate
families only, while collectivism is characterized
by a tight social framework in which
people distinguish between in-groups and
out-groups; they expect their in-group (relatives,
clan, organizations) to look after
them, and in exchange for that they feel they
owe absolute loyalty to it. A fuller picture of

Figure 1
DISTANCE DIMENSION
Small Power Distance Large Power Distance
Inequality in society should be minimized.
All people should be interdependent.
Hierarchy means an inequality of roles,
established for convenience.
Superiors consider subordinates to be
"people like me."
Subordinates consider superiors to be
"people like me."
Superiors are accessible.
Tlie use of power should be legitimate and
is subject to the judgment as to whether
it is good or evil.
All should have equal rights.
Those in power should try to look less
powerful than they are.
The system is to blame.
The way to change a social system is to
redistribute power.
People at various power levels feel less
threatened and more prepared to trust
people.
Latent harmony exists between the powerful
and the powerless.
Cooperation among the powerless can be
based on solidarity.
There should be an order of inequality in
this world in which everybody has a rightful
place; high and low are protected by
this order.
A few people should be independent;
most should be dependent.
Hierarchy means existential inequality.
Superiors consider subordinates to be a
different kind of people.
Subordinates consider superiors as a
different kind of people.
Superiors are inaccessible.
Power is a basic fact of society that antedates
good or evil. Its legitimacy is
irrelevant.
Power-holders are entitled to privileges.
Those in power should try to look as
powerful as possible.
The underdog is to blame.
The way to change a social system is to
dethrone those in power.
Other people are a potential threat to
one's power and can rarely be trusted.
Latent conflict exists between the powerful
and the powerless.
Cooperation among the powerless is difficult
to attain because of their low-faithin-
people norm.

this dimension is presented in Figure 3.
Masculinity
The fourth dimension is called Masculinity
even though, in concept, it encompasses its
opposite pole. Femininity. Measurements in
terms of this dimension express the extent to
which the dominant values in society are
"masculine"—that is, assertiveness, the acquisition
of money and things, and not
caring for others, the quality of life, or people.
These values were labeled "masculine"
because, within nearly all societies, men
s本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。