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are provided
by organization or clan.
Friendships are predetermined by stable
social relationships, but there is need for
prestige within these relationships.
Belief is placed in group decisions.
Value standards differ for in-groups and outgroups
(particularism).
In society, everybody is supposed to take
care of himself/herself and his/her
immediate family.
"I" consciousness holds sway.
Identity is based in the individual.
There is emotional independence of individual
from organizations or institutions.
The involvement with organizations is calculative.
The emphasis is on individual initiative and
achievement; leadership is the ideal.
Everybody has a right to a private life and
opinion.
Autonomy, variety, pleasure, and individual
financial security are sought in the system.
The need is for specific friendships.
Belief is placed in individual decisions.
Value standards should apply to all (universal
ism).

law). It was possible, on the basis of mean
answers of employees on a number of key
questions, to assign an index value to each
country on each dimension. As described in
the box on page 44, these index values appear
to be related in a statistically significant
way to a vast amount of other data about
these countries, including both research results
from other samples and national indicator
figures.
Because of the difficulty of representing
four dimensions in a single diagram,
the position of the countries of the dimensions
is shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7 for two
dimensions at a time. The vertical and horizontal
axes and the circles around clusters of
countries have been drawn subjectively, in
order to show the degree of proximity of
geographically or historically related countries.
The three diagrams thus represent a
composite set of cultural maps of the world.
Of the three "maps," those in
Figure 5 (Power Distance X Uncertainty
Avoidance) and Figure 7 (Masculinity X Uncertainty
Avoidance) show a scattering of
countries in all corners—that is, all combinations
of index values occur. Figure 6 (Power
Distance X Individualism), however, shows
one empty corner: The combination of Small
Power Distance and Collectivism does not
occur. In fact, there is a tendency for Large
Power Distance to be associated with Collectivism
and for Small Power Distance with
Individualism. However, there is a third

Figure 4
THE MASCULINITY DIMENSION
Feminine Masculine
Men needn't be assertive, but can also
assume nurturing roles.
Sex roles in society are more fluid.
There should be equality between the sexes.
Quality of life is important.
You work in order to live.
People and environment are important.
Interdependence is the ideal.
Service provides the motivation.
One sympathizes with the unfortunate.
Small and slow are beautiful.
Unisex and androgyny are ideal.
Men should be assertive. Women should
be nurturing.
Sex roles in society are clearly differentiated.
Men should dominate in society.
Performance is what counts.
You live in order to work.
Money and things are important.
Independence is the ideal.
Ambition provides the drive.
One admires the successful achiever.
Big and fast are beautiful.
Ostentatious mjinliness ("machismo") is
appreciate^.