英语论文网

文化是什么？E.B. Tylor，文化人类学的创始人认为，文化是一个包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，习俗和复杂的组合。这个定义强调了文化精神的一部分，而忽视了其物质基础。后来，贝茨和伯格提出一个描述性的定义：文化是一个共同的信念，制度价值观，习俗，行为，和文物，一个社会用来应付他们的世界，与另一个成员，和传输一代又一代的学习（贝茨和伯格2）。由贝茨和伯格提出的定义，文化几乎包含了世界上的一切，它不仅包括精神方面的，也有物质层面。https://www.51lunwen.org/mgzuoye/

  What is culture? E. B. Tylor, the founder of culture anthropology, said that culture is a complicated combination including knowledge, belief, arts, ethics, laws, customs and the ability and habits of individuals as members of a society in his Primitive Culture (15). This definition has emphasized the spiritual part of culture，but has neglected its material basis．Afterwards，Bates and Plog proposes a descriptive definition：culture is a system of shared beliefs，values，customs，behaviors，and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation by learning(Bates and Plog 2)．As the definition proposed by Bates and Plog, culture almost embraces everything in the world，it includes not only the spirit aspect, but also material aspect.
  or Ethnic groups, country boundaries, languages or dialects, history, beliefs, geographical features, ages, sexes, economical development, education, and the like can all be considered as the demarcation of cultures, Cultures are diversity. There are many differences between different cultures. And it is these cultural differences that result in many difficulties in translation．The way of thinking，belief, attitudes，value and even psychological features of different cultures can give rise to failure or misunderstanding in cultural communication．
  English—speaking nations and China have their own ways of material life and cultural conventions，which pose much impact on the different forms and meaning of linguistic presentation．Two identical linguistic forms in the two languages do not necessarily mean the same thing．In some cases even though parts of the meaning of presentation are equivalent，their cultural connotations may not be totally corresponding．Moreover, images embodied in source language may not be existent in the target language or vice versa．A cultural image familiar to one people in a culture may be alien to people in another．Thus in translation，rich cultural images in the original text may be left out or contracted for the original has the specific cultural images while the target language does not．Hence there is normally a gap between the two cultures．The gap in material life and accordingly in cognition between the two people is potential for mistranslation．