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　　Skopos theory emphasize the interactional, pragmatic aspects of translation, advancing that the shape of the target text should be determined by the function chiefly or "skopos" that it is intended to fulfill in the target context. Vermeer assumes that as a general rule, Skopos theory intended purpose of the of the target text that determines methods and strategies of translation. From this hypothesis he conclude skopos rule: Human (and its subdivision: translation) is determined by its purpose (skopos), and therefore it is a function of its purpose. The main point of this functional method is that the prospective function or skopos of the target text as determined by the initiator’s, i.e. Client’s needs. Consequently, the skopos is largely restricted by the target text reader and his/her place and cultural background.

　　In the view of Vermeer, the source text is re-conceptualized and is also seen as an information offer, which the translator must interpret through selecting those features that most closely cater for the requirements of the target situation.

　　2.3 Text Typology

　　Grounded on Buhler's classification of language functions (i.e. presentation, expression and appeal) and Reiss's early text typology theory, Peter Newmark makes a further research and classifies all the texts into three textual functions: informative, expressive and vocative functions [3] 40.

　　(1) The Informative Function

　　The informative function texts mainly refer to non-literary works including scientific papers, newspaper reports,textbooks, academic theses, and journal articles. The first purpose of translating these texts is to fully render the "extra-linguistic" information of the text. If the target text conveys all the necessary information of the source text correctly and masterly, it can get corresponding effect. Consequently, sometimes it is necessary for us to have several different translated versions to express the same source text, and all these versions are worth while to accept.

　　(2) The Expressive Function

　　The expressive function texts generally includes authoritative statements, literary works, autobiography, personal correspondence, etc. Newmark argues that a ideal translation of expressive function text is a resurgence of the author's writing style. This function is author-oriented, and the translator should stick by the original author.” The author uses the verbalism to express his feelings unaware of any response.

　　(3) The Vocative Function

　　The vocative function texts are different from the two texts above. This function concentrates  on "calling on people to do, to think and to feel". It is reader-oriented and the effect of the translation must be evaluated by readers' response. Propaganda materials, notices, advertisements , instructions and other persuasive writings all belongs to this category. In view of the linguistic and cultural barriers between languages, it is essential for the translator to recreate the persuasive translation to attract the target readers, and the recreation is one of the major objectives of tourist materials.

　　2.4 Communicative Translation

　　Apart from the other correspondent classification of textual functions, Newmark puts forward two modes of translation—— semantic translation and communicative translation.

　　Semantic translation is usually applied to technical, literary and scientific text, l本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。