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and the arms in an awkward posture. The small screen size of the laptops can result in difficulty with reading leading to bending over of the neck and upper back while the small key spacing stress the hands and fingers. There is increased glare from the screens when angling the monitor to compensate for the low height of the laptops. To reduce problems from use of laptops, one can use a computer docking station when in the office which consist of a full size monitor, keyboard and mouse connected to the laptops which serve as the central processing unit.

 

The body position is affected by the way work is organized and the amount of reaching one has to do is also affected. Reaches that are long and frequent meant to pick heavy object contribute a lot to discomfort and injury because reaching puts the body in an awkward position and stretches one's muscles beyond their normal limits making them vulnerable to pulls and strains. The reach zones are those places one can reach without straining. The best place one is supposed to place the items he uses more regularly are the easy reach zones which are determined by moving just the hands and forearms with elbows at the sides and shoulders relaxed. The maximum reach zones are the zones which are in places that are furthest reached when one just moves his arms at the shoulder without leaning forward. Items that are less frequently used are kept within the maximum reach zone.

 

Lifting, carrying and storage are important aspects of ergonomics. Heavy lifting is not common or a typical requirement for most office jobs, though they may be frequent. But some lifting are inevitable no matter where you work. Risk factors for injury can be created when materials are moved around and stored in the office. The simplest it can get is picking a box of photocopy papers but can get more complex than pulling objects around the office which are very heavy. This can result to common injuries including low back, upper back and shoulders or even injuries to ankles and abdomen. These kinds of injuries are very common, unlike injuries that are very recent like computer related injuries. One should evaluate lifting and carrying tasks by analyzing the tasks themselves, looking at the location where the items are stores and where they are used while paying attention to the lifting practices. To reduce such kind of injuries, heavy and frequently used items should be stored just below the waist height and a cart with a platform at this height will allow items to be slid over and transported rather than lifted and carried. Lighter but still frequently used items should be stored between shoulder and knee height and lightweight and rarely used items should be stored above shoulder height. One should avoid storing items above the head height and if they must be stored there one should use a stable step stool or platform ladder instead of reaching for them. Heavy loads should be broken down into smaller parts before lifting, carrying or storing them. Items should also be stored close to where they are being used to reduce carrying them over long distances and aisle ways should be kept clear and wide enough for any mechanical lifting aid or platform ladders in use.

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