资本主义的优点和缺点分析Essay [2]
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关键词:资本主义CapitalismEconomics Essay受利益动机缺点优点
摘要:本文是一篇针对资本主义的优点和缺点分析的Economics Essay,资本主义的历史可以追溯到原始社会。在此期间,生活被说成是简单的和有组织的,“过去的好时光”。自给农业,狩猎和捕鱼形成了原始社会的基础。在这个社会所有的决定都是由部落首领和他的辅导员进行。
uch inputs. The owners have the freedom to decide what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. The benefits owners are rewarded with from ownership of these resources are rent from the use of their land, wages for the use of their labor, interest as a return on their capital and profits from their entrepreneurial skills.
Co-ordination Structure: Co-ordination under capitalist economies has a market mechanism in which market forces of demand and supply are allowed to work in order to determine prices and output in the economy. The forces of supply and demand push prices upward or downward in response to the decisions of individual buyers and sellers. This mechanism is commonly referred to as Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hand”. Within this economic system there is no state intervention to ensure that economic activities are carried out properly and that economic goals are fulfilled.
Motivational Structure: As a result of the self-interest of many economic agents, within this economic system, the market is propelled by material incentives. Suppliers have an incentive to offer only those goods on which they expect to make a profit.
Decision-making Structure: There is no central decision-making mechanism. Market prices direct the actions of decentralized decision makers. The various private parties that possess property rights to products and resources decide by/among themselves what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce.
Information Structure: The capitalist’s information structure is decentralized because horizontal channels of information exists where information and decision-making is spread across the various agents in the economy who are on the same level.
THE WORKINGS OF CAPITALISM
According to Adam Smith, a capitalist economy works by means of the “Invisible Hand”. The theory of the “Invisible Hand” states that within a free market enterprise, products are exchanged at a price solely determined by the mutual consent of buyers and sellers. Demands by consumers for products direct the allocation of resources to achieve consumers’ utility maximization. Profit is financial (material) incentive to produce goods. This economic system ensures that shortages and surpluses do not last for long. When there is excess demand (shortage) prices in the market are likely to rise, as each buyer would now be willing to outbid the other for the scarce good demanded by many. At higher prices, suppliers are likely to increase their supply and thus equilibrium will be achieved in the market. Situations may also exist in the market where there is excess supply (surplus). The tendency here is for prices to fall as each supplier will attempt to win over customers from their rival firms. At these lower prices, consumers are likely to demand more. Therefore, equilibrium in the market is restored.
In Adam Smith’s model he identifies the following:
There is an owner class: The means of production are owned only by the few people (capitalists) who can pay for them [6] . Marx refers to this group as the bourgeois (upper class).
There is a working class [7] : The people (laborers) who generate wealth for the owner class by producing goods and services and, in return, are paid wages by the Capitalists. This group has no ownership of the factors of production and Marx refers to this group as the pr
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