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le land-use impacts (Table ??). However a more general outlook reveals that perceptions are reality; and with enough promotion of a certain transportation scheme, at least some of the expectations regarding the land-use impacts can become self-fulfilling prophesies. As the idiom goes, development attracts development (Polzin 1999).

 

Thus to conclude, transportation influences land-use. This can further be proved by traceing the history of urbanization through the history of transportation. The next chapter deals with a brief history of transportation and its influence on land-use and urban form, in Europe and in China. The intention is to establish the motivations and relevance of this research.

 

1.1 Transportation and urbanisation history

 

1.1.1 Transport and Urban Form in Europe (Muller 1986; Schaeffer and Sclar 1975; Huang 1996; Polzin 1999)

 

The whole process of urbanization and suburbanization as seen in the case of American cities is rather simple and liner in European context. The dense compact innercity core urban areas can still be witnessed in Europe. A major factor is the scarcity of land, another reason being good policy measures to ensure the right direction of city development. Transportation and specifically urban transit has played a major role in the growth patterns of European cities through the ages. It can be summarised as the walking city phase of the preindustrial and pre-mechanical-transportation era of 1800s. Then with the invention of omnibus, street cars and horse coaches came the era of tracked city that lasted till the 1950s as a consequence of excessive use of cars. The last phase can be characterised as the rubber city of automotive era. Below is a summary of evolution.

 

Walking City: Preindustrial compact cities of Europe. People walked from one place to another and these commutes usually took a maximum time of 30-45 minutes. The cities had a high density of about 100-200 people per hectare (pph.). Another characteristics was a mixed land-use development joined together by narrow streets in organic form. This was consistent with Europe as well as the rest of the world, including the third world countries. As people walked from one place to another the city was usually spread in a radius of not more than five kilometres.

 

Tracked City: The urban form gradually changed with the introduction of omnibus (horse-drawn coach), horse railway and commuter rail-roads in late 1800s and early 1900s. During this time the significance of downtown was heightened as people lived, worked and shopped here. Public transit became further common with the invention of train and tram. The train station became important places for communication and agglomeration of economic activities. This resulted in train stations becoming subcentres and cities developed a polycentric urban form. The developments during this 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。