aximum 48.9 years old; foreign-invested enterprises was 47.1; collective enterprises was 46.8; Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan invested enterprises was 46.7; joint-stock enterprises was 46.3; private sector was 43.8. Therefore, proportion over 56 years old in state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises was higher than the overall level of the sample, and age of operators from state-owned enterprises was generally higher than other properties of enterprises.
Compared with foreign-related data, (Wei Jie,2001)survey data from Japanese and U.S. manufacturing companies which was performed by Japanese Institute in 1986 show that the average age of enterprises leaders was 56.6 years old, the average age of American business leaders was 50.7 years old. We can see that China's current average age of state-owned enterprises is almost the same with counterpart leaders in U.S. enterprises.
(D) Political elements proportion of Chinese Entrepreneurs
China's reform and opening up itself is with Chinese characteristics, so since Chinese Communist Party as the ruling party, it is also natural for the Chinese characteristic Communist Party members to be the core of leadership. Survey data from Chinese Entrepreneurs Network shows: as Table 2: there had a large proportion of CPC numbers in all kinds of business leaders except foreign-owned enterprises, which reached to 96. 5%. There was the lowest proportion of CPC numbers in foreign-owned enterprises, but still reached to 41.2%,among which took the much high proportion of CPC numbers in state-owned enterprises, reached to 98. 9%.
Table 2 enterprises' political landscape (%)
total State-owned City and town Villages and towns Foreign-owned Foreign joint venture private shareholding others
CPC number 96.5 98.9 94.5 90.6 41.2 85.5 60.0 94.2 97.6
nonparty 2.8 0.8 4.7 7.9 47.1 11.9 33.3 4.7 2.4
democratic party 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.5 0.0 1.3 6.7 57.1 0.0
others 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 00
(China Entrepreneurs Network, 1999)
It has a natural connection with officials of Chinese entrepreneurs and cadres-party link principles which not only plays a significant role in promoting effort in the transition from planned economy to market economy, but also has a certain preventive effect on moral obstacles of business operators.
We all know that the hubbub of San Lu milk powder incident 2008 in China: from reckless melamine advertising from manufacturers we can see that it’s an open secret to add melamine in food industry, that is, it is a terrible trade ‘hidden rule’ exposed in public that milk powder was polluted by melamine. ‘San Lu milk powder’ incident exposed the lack of morality, but also sent a warning signal to the whole society. Morality is the social soil for running systems. In a civilization framework of a country, morality and law are closely related and indispensable, and must be practiced with laws and ethics simultaneously.
In the reform and opening up, there inevitably will be some entrepreneurs who lost conscience to pursue profit, but as long as there are regulatory procedures, as well as legal constraints, the overall quality of Chinese entrepreneurs still will not be affected, will still develop and improve rapidly along the track
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