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初中学生应该能根据上下文的构词法推断、理解生词的含义。如何科学、有效地推断、理解文章中的生词呢?下面给同学们介绍一些常见的猜词方法,供大家学习时参考。

一、根据同义关系猜测词义

But what is sound?Sound happens when something vibrates or shakes.We can make something vibrate by hitting it.

解析:vibrate后面有or,表明它与shake是同义关系,而shake的词义为“摇动,震动,抖动,颤动”,那么vibrate的意思也就一目了然了。

根据同义关系猜测词义,关键是要了解显示同义关系的线索。一般说来,破折号、顿号、逗号等标点符号,以及or,and,namely,in other words,that3s to say等词或短语就是这种线索。

二、根据同等关系猜测词义

(2006武汉市)“Let’s go to the animal shelter. Many pets there need homes.Since tomorrow is Saturday,we can both go,”she said.The next morning the Browns met Mr Snow at the animal shelter.“We want to be sure that the pets here go to good homes,”Mr Snow said.“So I need to ask you some questions.”

解析:shelter与home构成同等关系。据此我们可推断,shelter的意思为“住所,栖息处,庇护处”。

所谓“同等关系”,指的是一组词或词组在句子中作同一成分,而且它们表示的词义属于同一义域。因此,只要我们能认识其中一个或几个词(组),就能确定其中某个生词所属的义域,甚至能推知它的意思。

三、根据同位关系猜测词义

(2007哈尔滨市)An explosion in 1996 made a cloud of 300,000 fragments,each at least 4 mm in size,and even a small piece of these knocked against a spaceship window and did some damage.

解析:fragments的意思可以通过其同位语each at least 4 mm in size(每块最起码有四毫米大小)猜测出来。据此我们可以猜出它的意思为“碎片,碎块”。

四、根据反义关系猜测词义

①(2006扬州市)First of all, they sound very different.Often, Americans don3t say each word separately.But they say several words together.Americans may say“I dunno”instead of“I don’t know”.Or they may say“Whaddya say?”instead of “What did you say?”.However,the British are more careful in their speech. They usually say all the words and keep them separate.

解析:separately的词义可以通过表示转折关系的连词but和下文say several words together推断出来,即“分离地,单个地”。常见的表示转折关系的词有however,but,instead,yet等。

五、根据对照关系猜测词义

(2007泰州市)75 percent of the tickets are for domestic sale and the rest for sale outside the Chinese mainland. There will not be different prices for the Chinese and foreigners.

解析:句中的and the rest与前面的75 percent of the tickets形成相应的对照关系。outside the Chinese mainland与domestic形成相应的对照关系,由此我们可猜出domestic意为“国内的”。

六、根据前缀(词)猜测词义

(2007哈尔滨市)To get a thorough understanding of yourself needs self-appreciation.

self是“自己,自身”的意思,appreciation意为“欣赏”。据此我们可推断出self-appreciation的意思为“自我欣赏”。前缀通常改变原词的词义,而不改变原词的词性。

七、根据后缀(词)猜测词义

①(2006黄冈市)When the boy finished, his father was speechless.

解析:后缀-less表示“无,不,没有”的意思,加上它就可以把名词转化为形容词。由此我们可以推断speechless的意思是“无话可说的,哑口无言的”。

②(2006泰州市)On a Friday night,a poor young violinist was playing his violin at the entrance of the subway station.The music was so great that people slowed down to listen and put some money into his hat.

解析:violin是“小提琴”的意思,-ist是表示“受雇做某事的人或弹奏某种乐器的人”,由此我们可推断出violinist的意思是“小提琴手”。后缀通常要改变原词的词性,但对词义的影响有时不明显,有时很明显。

八、根据复合词猜测词义

(2005连云港市)Though the Russians thought firmly that their country will take the side of the USA,though the meeting between Bush and Russian Putin ended with handshakes and smiles,someone still spoke out:The honeymoon stops here.

解析:honey意为“蜂蜜”,moon意为“月亮”,两者合在一起就是“蜜月”的意思。在阅读中,如果我们熟悉构成合成词的每个独立单词的词义,就可能猜出新构成的合成词的意思。

九、根据派生词猜测词义

①(2005宿迁市)And in some cities people sometimes ask a song to be broascast for his or her mother only.This might cost a little money for some of them,but as it is said,“Mother is invaluable.”

解析:value意为“价值”,valuable意为“有价值的”,“in-”是前缀,意为“没有”。因而“invaluable”则意为“无价的”。

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