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y familiar with this phenomenon because of a wide variety ofdialects within this territory. Being surrounded by mandarin, the so called standardlanguage in China, adull still find it hard lo gel rid of the local accent completely. It isgenerally known that many Japanese have trouble distinguishing "L" and ”R" soundswhen they speak English. Harvard University once gathered Japanese immigrantswho had emigrated to America after adulthood in order to conduct an articulationresearch. First of all researchers asked them whether they knew the pronunciationdifference between “read,，and “lead”，and the answers were unanimously positive.Then being asked why they were unable to pronounce these two words correctly,Japanese immigrants blamed this on different oral structure, different place ofarticulation and even the hardness of tongue. An allernaiive choice test composed bywords begins with “R” and “L*，was given at last and the result turned out to beastonishing: the accuracy rate of 50% means they can not successfully distinguish and “L，，by sound at all. The conclusion becomes self-evident now that theproblem of inaccurate articulation lies in ear rather than tongue. Why can't theseJapanese immigrants listen the words accurately after being surrounded by standardpronunciation of English for years and even decades? One important reason for this isthai adults can hardly distinguish the new phonation articulation that is outside therange of their mother tongue, as well as the differences between the pronunciation ofthemselves and the new phonation articulation.
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2.2. The Critical Period Hypothesis
The critical period hypothesis is a long-standing debate in linguistics over theextent to which the ability to acquire language biologically linked to age. Theadvocates believe thai there is an ideal time to acquire language, after which languageacquisition will be much more difficult and effortful. The first few years is the crucialtime. If language input doesn't occur during this lime, people will never achieve a fullcommand of language~especially grammatic systems. Since the advent ofLenneberg's Biological Foundations of Language(1976), the critical period forlanguage learning has been the guidance for a great deal of research on SLA, and hiscritical period hypothesis has evolved into a full-blown theory for the field. It isuniversally accepted thai a critical period do exist in first language acquisition, whilelinguists fail to reach an agreement on whether it exists in second languageacquisition. Opponents claims that only accent has critical period, learning ability andcapacity of aduli for learning second language, however, is probably higher than child.An opposite opinion is as following: child second language learners, unlike adults,are considered to be more successful in terms of rate of acquisition and ultimateattainment of second language properties and hence have been argued to have fullaccess to universal grammar. Each experiment outcome varies because of differencesin experimental premise, condition,
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3. Theoretical Background........... 9
3.1. Krashen"s Five Hypothesis..........   9
3.2. Relevant Theories in Neurology and Connectionism.......... 12
4. Refinement and Sublimation.......... 13
4.1Basic Principles.......... 13
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