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ation of the instructional design. This study tries to present teaching procedures based on the latest research achievements made by Wen’s research team, functioning as a supplement to the present empirical research of POA. 

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 English Practical Writing

2.1.1 Introduction of Practical Writing

(1) Definition of practical writing

According to Professor Chen Yaonan (1985), practical writing is a kind of writing between individuals and social organizations for social communication and adherences to conventional terms and genres. Chen Shaofu (2001) defines practical writing as a kind of document with practical value and conventional format used by government, enterprises, social organizations and individuals to handle official and personal affairs or communicate with each other in daily work, production and study.

In conclusion, practical writing is based on real life and serves real life. 

(2) Features of practical writing

There are four main features of practical writing: 

Practical: The content of practical writing originates from life practice and serves social life.

Concise: The passage should not be too long and the language should be concise.

Accurate: The information is authentic and reliable, including the time, place, main events, etc. 

Polite: Use appropriate language and a considerate tone. 

2.2 Production-oriented Approach

2.2.1 Definition of POA

In 1985, Stephen Krashen put forward the input hypothesis and claimed that human acquire language only by understanding messages or receiving comprehensible input. In the same year, Swain came up with the output hypothesis and asserted that an indispensable step in language acquisition is producing comprehensible output. Based on the input hypothesis and output hypothesis, Professor Wen Qiufang put forward Production-oriented approach, short for POA which aims to solve the separation between input and output. It originated from the output-driven hypothesis to the output-driven, input-enabled hypothesis. In 2015, Professor Wen introduced the theoretical system of POA, which announced the formation of POA system. After that, POA is gradually applied in foreign language teaching and is constantly revised and improved.

2.2.2 Components of POA

POA includes three parts (see Figure 2-1): teaching principles, teaching hypotheses and teaching procedures. Teaching principles include “learning-centered principle”, “learning-using integrated principle”, “cultural communication principle” and “key competency principle”. Teaching hypotheses cover “output-driven hypothesis”, “input-enabled hypothesis”, “selective learning hypothesis”, and “assessment as learning hypothesis”. The teaching procedures are from “motivating”, “enabling” to “assessing”.

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY ......................... 23

3.1 Research Questions ...................................... 23

3.2 Research Subjects ........................................ 23

3.3 Research Instruments ...................... 24

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