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ords only take ten percent in the context and others are common words. In order to make speech more correctly and vividly, successful speechmakers often choose concrete and familiar words rather than abstract and unfamiliar words. Sometimes speechmakers may not be able to avoid such unfamiliar words. If this happens, they always use vivid metaphor. Generally speaking, speechmakers should not use big or abstract words in persuasive speech. Use connectives. Connectives are words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them. Without connectives, a speech is d isjointed and uncoordinated. Four types of speech connectives are transitions, internal previews, internal summaries and signposts. (1) Use paired transitional phrase. Transitions are words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving on to another. Technically, transitions state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one she or he is coming up to. It includes such phrases as in addition to, now that, so much for and so on. (2) Use preview and summary. Preview is used to tell the listeners in the introduction what they should listen for in the rest of the speech. For instance, [Transition] Now that we have seen how serious the problem of missing child is, let’s look at some solutions. [Internal preview] I will focus on three in particular. Internal summaries are the reverse of internal previews. Rather than letting listeners know what is coming up next, internal summaries remind listeners of what they have just heard. Such summaries are generally used when a speaker finishes a complicated or particularly important main point or set of main points. By combining them with transitions, they can lead audience smoothly into the next main point. For example, [Internal summaries] Let’s pause for a moment to recapitulate what we have found so far. First, we have seen that American’s criminal justice system does not effectively deter crime. Second, we have seen that prison programs to rehabilitate criminals have failed miserably. [Transition] we are now ready to explore solutions to these problems. (3) Use signposts. Signposts are very brief statements that indicate exactly where speakers are in the speech. Frequently they are just ordinal numbers such as the first, the second, the third and so on. Another way to accomplish the same thing is to introduce speaker’s main points with a question. For example, “Why does the problem continue to pester?” Questions are particularly effective as signposts because they invite subliminal answers and thereby get the audience more involved with the speech. Besides using signposts to indicate where speakers are in the speech, speakers can also use them to focus attention on key ideas. They can do this with a simple phrase such as “the most important thing is”. Depending on the needs of the speech, speakers may want to use two, three, or even all four kinds of connectives in combination. They needn’t worry too much about what they are called-whether this one is a signpost and that a transition. In fact, many people lump them all together as “transitions”. The important thing is to be aware of their functions. Properly applied, connectives can make their speeches much more unified and coherent. 2.3 Phonetic characteristics Voice greatly affects the success of speech. If speechmakers speak too softly to be heard, constantly stumble over words, spit out his ideas at machi