英语论文网

n-specific, the thesis includes a large number of cases and examples. Some are actual situations and some are hypothetical. At the same time, it does not analyze cases in a vacuum. It draws on a body of underlying theoretical knowledge to explain these situations. The argument in this thesis is one that I have found helpful in studying stylistic features of public speech, yet one that is not adequately represented in other available books. 1．Similarities and differences between public speech and daily conversation The average adult spends about thirty percent of her or his waking hours in conversation. As you will see, there are many similarities between daily conversation and public speech. Many skills used in conversation also apply in public speech. As you learn to speak more effectively in other situations. You may not realize it, but you already employ a wide range of skills when talking to people. These skills include the following: (1) Organizing your thoughts logically. Suppose you were giving some directions to get to your house. You would take your listener systematically, step by step, from his or her house to your house. You would organize your message. (2) Tailoring your message to your audience. Suppose you are a geology major. Two people ask you how peals are formed. One is your roommate; the other is your nine-year-old niece. The answer is different. To your roommate, you can use the abstract and profound theory. But to your niece, you must use familiar and vivid words to make yourself understood. (3) Adapting to listener feedback. Whenever you talk with someone, you are aware of that person’s various reactions—verbal, facial and physical. Each day, in casual conversation, you do all these things many times without thinking about them. You already possess these communication skills. And these are among the most important skills you will need for public speech. Then, in many ways, public speech requires the same skills used in ordinary conversation. Most people who communicate well in daily talk can learn to communicate just as well in public speech. Despite their many similarities, public speech and everyday conversation are not identical. There are three major differences between conversation and public speech. (1) Public speech is more highly structured. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker. In most cases, the situation does not allow listeners to interrupt with questions or commentary. The speaker must accomplish her or his purpose in the speech itself. In preparing the speech, the speaker must anticipate questions that might arise in the minds of listeners and answer them. Consequently, public speech demands much more detailed planning and preparation than ordinary conversation. (2) Public speech requires more formal language. Slang, jargon and bad grammar have little place in public speeches. Despite the increasing informality of all aspects of modern life, listeners usually react negatively to speakers who do not elevate polish their language when addressing on audience. A speech is supposed to be “special”. (3) Public speech requires a different method of delivery. When conversing informally, most people talk quietly, interject stock phrases such as “you know” and “I mean”, adopt a casual posture, and use what are called vocalized pauses (“uh,” “er,” “um”). Effective public speakers, however, adjust their voices to be heart clearly throughout the audience. They assume a more erec