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Cultural Lag:

According to Ogburn the non-material culture is often slow to respond to the rapid inventions in material culture. Always material culture changes at a faster rate and speed. But the non-material culture responses very slowly to such changes in material culture. This gives rise to the imbalance between the rate and speed of change between two parts of culture. When non-material culture does not change itself readily to material changes it falls behind the material culture and the result is a difference between the two which is known as a lag. This lag between material and non-material culture has been called 'cultural lag'.

Ogburn cited various examples:

(1) The discrepancy between the number of police officials and the growth of population. The growing cities have not increased their police force fast enough. The change in the number of police officials lags behind the change in population.

(2) During the last nineteenth century industry changed fast and the family lagged behind in its change as they did not adjust with the change.

(3) In twentieth century woman were slow in following their jobs outside the home.

MANIFESTATIONS OF CULTURE

Cultural differences manifest themselves in different ways and to different levels of depth. Symbols represent the most aped and value the deepest manifestations of culture, with heroes and rituals in between.

Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning which is only recognized by those who share a particular culture. New symbols easily develop, old ones disappear. Symbols from one particular group are regularly copied by others. This is why symbols represent the outermost layer of a culture.

Heroes are persons, past or present, real or fictitious, who possess characteristics that are highly prized in a culture. They also serve as models for behavior.

Rituals are collective activities, sometimes imaginary in reaching desired objectives, but are considered as socially essential. They are therefore carried out most of the times for their own sake (ways of greetings, paying respect to others, religious etc.)

The core of a culture is formed by values. They are broad tendencies for preferences of certain state of affairs to others (good or evil, 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。