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泰勒▪EB是首位在十八世纪提出“文化”这个概念的人类学家。他们认为没有这个社会文化的深入了解，对社会的研究就是不完整的，因为文化与社会紧密相连。人类是一种独特的生物，他在充满文化的环境文化里出生、成长。

泰勒▪EB认为，“文化是包含了社会成员将要获取的知识、信念、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其他性能和习惯的复杂整体。”

雷德菲尔德这样定义，“文化作为传统认知和艺术清单的组织，成为传统坚持到如今，赋予了人类群体的特征”。

文化的种类——Types of Culture

著名社会学家奥格本▪W▪F将文化氛围两大种类

（1）  物质文化

（2）  非物质文化

至于物质文化，他指的是类似工具、炊具、机器、书籍、钢笔等等的物品，它们都是有形的、可见的，即唯物主义的。也就是说，他指的是科技创造出来的东西，或者生活里所有的装备，比如工具，炊具，所有可以触摸到的东西等等，这些就是物质文化。而至于非物质文化，他指的则是家庭、宗教、政府、习俗、传统等等，这些都是无形的，不可见的，也是无法触摸到的。

E.B. Taylor an English anthropologist was the first to coin the term 'culture' in the eighteenth century. They said that the study of society becomes incomplete without proper understanding  of culture of that society, because culture and society goes hand in hand. Man is a unique person who is born and brought up in an environment filled with culture.

According to E.B. Taylor, 'Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morale, laws, custom and any other capabilities and habits as acquired by man as a member of society.'

R. Redfield defines, 'Culture as an organized body of conventional understandings, manifest in art which persisting through tradition, characteristics a human group'.

Types of Culture:

W.F. Ogburn a famous sociologist classified culture into two categories-

(1) Material culture

(2) Non-material culture.

By material culture he means things like tools, utensils, machines, books, pens etc, which are tangible and visible i.e. are materialistic. In other words, he refers to the things that technology has given us or the whole apparatus of life, tools, utensils, every touchable things etc. as material culture. In the non-material aspects he included family, religion, government, customs, and traditions etc. which are not tangible or visible or can be touche本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。