at this gradual change in the worldview of ancient India. It is quite evident that although they were not the majority, there were small groups of people who dismissed the sacrificial system long before the birth of Jesus. Maybe it is because the Paraclete, as Girard says, was “called on behalf of the prisoner, the victim, to speak in his place and in his name, to act in his defense.” [39] Whether or not we call it the spirit, the power of brahman, the guiding capability of human intuition, or something else may be a matter of p
Reference. Nonetheless, something was at work in those individuals that allowed them to acknowledge the victim, seek truth beyond the material universe, and live in community with one another without having to resort to violence. The Upanisads represent the important first step away from a powerful sacrificial system that held Vedic culture together for centuries.
Bibliography
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Bailie, Gill. Violence Unveiled: Humanity at the Crossroads. New York: Crossroad,
1995.
Girard, Rene. The Sacpegoat. Trans. Yvonne Freccero. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1986.
Hopkins, Thomas J. The Hindu Religious Tradition. Encino: Dickenson, 1971.
Hubert, Henri and Marcel Mauss. Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function. Trans. W.D. Halls.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
Mahony, William K. The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious
Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Powell, Barbara. Windows into the Infinite: A Guide to the Hindu Scriptures. Fremont:
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Dinesh, 1972.
The Hymns of the RgVeda. Trans. Ralph T.H. Griffith. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1976.
Upanisads. Trans. Patrick Olivelle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Articles:
Callahan, Sidney. “The Role of Emotion in Ethical Decisionmaking.” Hastings Center
Report. 18.3 (1988): 9-14.
Maitra, Romain. “From Selfhood to Salvation.” UNESCO Courier. 50.4 (1997): 28-31.
Smith, Noel W. “The Evolution of Psychophysical Dualism In Ancient India: From Rig
Veda to the Sutras.” Mankind Quarterly 31.1-2 (1990): 3-16.
Werner, Karel. “Indian Conceptions of Human Personality.” Asian Philosophy. 6.2
(1996): 93-108.
Reference:
Caillat, Colette. “Ahimsa.” Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. 16 vols.
New York: Macmillan, 1987.
Dandekar, R.N. “Vedanta.” Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. 16 vols.
New York: Macmillan, 1987.
Dandekar, R.N. “Vedas.” Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. 16 vols.
New York: Macmillan, 1987.
Heesterman, Jan C. “Vedism and Brahmanism.” Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea
Eliade. 16 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
Hiltebeital, Alf “Hinduism.” Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. 16 vols.
New York: Macmillan, 1987.
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