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What is research?
Research is an active process of learning from others. As we research, we read, borrow, and synthesize ideas and facts from others. As researchers, however, we must credit these sources of ideas, facts, and specific language for two important reasons: First, we acknowledge the people from whom we learned and second, we create a record of sources so that researchers who follow us can build on our work.
Research: basic elements
• Critical
• discover
• interpretation
• laws, theories, principles

How to find a research of your interest

Scientific research: the procedures
• 1. The problem and problem statement
• 2. The hypothesis (or best guess) as the the “answer” to that problem.
• 3. Data collection of “facts” relevant to the problem.
• 4. Analysis of the data
• 5. Reaching conclusions about the problem.

Decide on a topic for your research
Select a topic which you are interested in and you do have some understanding and new insights about.
The topic should be either theoretically or practically meaningful or both.
your research should contribute something to this field or this issue in question.

This topic has not been touched upon before, or not studied from this angle,
The previous studies are not correct or deficient in one way or another. There is room for improvement.
The latest theories can provide better accounts of this question.

Select a small topic rather than too big or general ones,
A big or general topic cannot be fully explored in a short thesis of less than 30 thousand words
Compare:
On ESL Writing
On the Use of discourse connectives in Writings of Chinese Non-major Students
The Influence of Chinese Cultural Pattern in ESL Writing
A Contrastive Study of English Linguistic Abstracts by Native Speakers and Chinese Writers
Three levels (of adequacy)

A research should be falsifiable.

How to collect data
1. Informants
2. Recording (audio/video)
3. Elicitation
4. Corpora
5. Experiments
6. Reconstruction

Use database
Questionnaire
Experiments
Tests

Introspected data
Elucidated data

Generative linguists usually use introspected data. They rely on the native speaker’s language competence.
Native speaker’s intuition
Literature Reading and Collection
Search index database
Search online full-text database
Books, Journals and other sources (pay special attention to the bibliographies of other scholars, which will lead you to more literature)
Google (https://scholar.google.com)
CNKI 清华学术期刊网
人大复印资料
万方数据
Online full-text electronic database
There are many full-text electronic databases accessible within the Zhejiang University Campus Computer Network Domain.
https://libweb.zju.edu.cn
Note-taking
For future citation
As a reminder
Avoid risk of plagiary
Two Types of Research

Empirical
Formal
Research Methodology
Methodology of linguistic research
Basic guide to research methods in applied (esp. educational) linguistics:
Chris Alexanders article: https://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~przemka/IFA_writing/Undertaking_Academic_Research.doc
Primer to conducting research in linguistics:
Wray, A. (ed.). 2002. Projects in Linguistics. London: Arnold.
More on empirical methods in linguistics:
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