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policy guidance from the national government articulated in the Five Year Plans. The key aspects of these laws were mainly defining tenant, landlord's resumption for personal cultivation, ownership rights on tenants, voluntary surrender, rent levels, term for allowed tenancies, public recording of tenancies.

Persons who cultivate the land of others on payment of rent in cash or kind are treated as tenants in all the tenancy laws in the country. Initially, some states excluded sharecroppers from the definition of tenant and therefore denied them legislative protections. The single largest legal loophole in the tenancy reform laws was rights of resumption for 'personal cultivation' granted to landowners. Two states distinguished themselves by limiting resumption rights. Upon the abolition of intermediaries in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, tenancy laws in those states prohibited landowners from resuming any tenanted land outside of their home-farms; the laws granted existing tenants on the non-home-farm lands permanent and heritable rights on that tenanted land. In all other states, tenancy reform laws permitted landowners to resume tenanted land for personal cultivation. As earlier mentioned, these states loosely defined 'personal cultivation' to include cultivation through servants or labourers. No tenancy law mandated direct landowner supervision of the labor or residence in or near the village in which the land was located. Thus 'personal cultivation' provision presented no barrier to resumption; even absentee landowners easily satisfied the requirement.

The amount of land that can be resumed for personal cultivation varied from state to state. All states placed some ceiling on the amount of land that could be resumed. In some states, this ceiling for resuming personal cultivation of tenanted land was the same as the ceiling for the total amount of land that could be owned. In other states, it was lower. Because the landowner could select the tenanted land to be resumed for personal cultivation, he could at least threaten - if not evict - his tenants, fostering insecurity among all tenants. The law in several states provides that a minimum area of land must be left with the tenant after the landlord exercised his right of resumption for personal cultivation. In Kerala, Orissa, Gujarat, Himachel Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, the law states that half of the tenanted land must be left with the tenant. In Bihar, half the area tenanted or five acres, whichever is less, must remain with the tenant if the landlord owns land in excess of the ceiling area. Landowners in West Bengal must leave one hectare or all the tenanted area, whichever is less, with the tenant. In Assam, Punjab and Haryana, landowners must leave a specified minimum area of land with the tenants until the government allots other land to them.

'Voluntary' surrenders of tenancy rights by tenants have worsen the objectives of tenancy reform. Many landlords have repossessed their non-resumable land by persuading their tenant(s) to give up their tenancy rights 'voluntarily.' Once such practices became widely recognized, the National Planning Commission recommended that states amend their legislation to protect against coercion by requiring that revenue department officials verify tenant surrenders, prohibiting landowners from taking possession of land in excess of the resumption limits even if volu本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。