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br /> The abuses of the zamindari system attracted attention during the struggle for independence (e.g. peasants were influential in many revolts namely champaran satyagrah, and no-tax campaigns), and in the period immediately following Independence, as the country's new leaders turned their attention toward land reform, they gave particular attention to the abolition of intermediary interests in land. The effectiveness of their efforts reflected the extent of discontent with the intermediary system. The injustices practiced by zamindars, coupled with their support of the British colonial administration, fueled the political will to undermine or eliminate intermediary rights to land.

The Indian Constitution, which grants states exclusive authority to enact land tenure legislation, provided a starting point. Soon after getting power, several state governments initiated action to extinguish intermediary interests. By the end of the 1950s, almost all states had enacted legislation aimed at abolishing intermediary interests upon the payment of compensation. Soon after independence a committee was formed namely Economic Programme Committee which recommended abolition of intermediaries and substitution of all middlemen by non-profit making agencies. So accordingly every province conducted its own study and legislated but scope for uniformity in respect of land policy was felt and this lead to formation of agrarian reform committee in 1948 headed under j.c. kumarappa to make recommendations in this matter. ARC submitted its reports in 1949 to the congress government but literature suggests that measures such as land ceiling and tenancy reforms were not considered as suggested by this committee. Many more measures state level such as Uttar Pradesh zamindari abolition act headed by then chief minister Gobind Ballabh Pant which became law in 1951 was initiated with the objective to do away with the rights of the intermediaries and bring the actual cultivators of land into direct relationship with the state. By the end of the first five year plan all the states had enacted laws for the abolition of intermediaries. All the laws bought the principal tenants on land outside the intermediary's home-farm into a direct relationship with the state. The laws enacted by all states except Kashmir provided for the payment of compensation to the ex-intermediaries .

TENANCY REFORM
The abolition of most intermediary tenures brought the whole of India under a uniform tenurial system within the first decade after Independence. The efforts to abolish intermediary interests however did no good to extinguish tenancy. Provisions in the abolition of intermediary laws intending to secure the right of tenants of ex-intermediaries were largely ineffective and, in some cases, counter-effective. Renting out of land was widespread in rayatwari and mahalwari areas even where no intermediaries existed. In zamindari areas, even the lowest level of legally recognized land right holders relied on sub-leasing land.

By the end of the 1950s, tenancy was ubiquitous and circumstances had converged to create a perfect storm that favored already powerful landlords at the expense of their tenants. Most tenancies were oral and terminable at will. Laws provided no protection or even legal recognition of the most vulnerable tenants, including sharecroppers and tenants-at-will on ex-intermediaries' home farms. The relati本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。