英语论文网

urism is endorsed as an effective avenue for poverty reduction in the case of developing countries. There is empirical and testimonial confirmation of this in parts of Kenya (Manyara & Jones, 2007), Botswana (Mbaiwa, 2005) and South Africa (Burns & Barrie, 2005). Controversies arise, however, as to the effect of so-called sustainable tourism in other areas. In the case of small island developing states (SIDS), a large influx of tourists may in fact be unwitting agents of further poverty proliferation. The small economies of SIDS are characterized by diseconomies of scale, limited resources, narrow economic base, and isolation from major markets. Ebbs and flows of tourists could therefore easily disrupt the delicate economic balance (denoted by stability in supply and demand) in the locality (Scheyvens & Momsen, 2008)

When considering sustainable tourism policies, different groups may consider different outcomes as their goal. For example, local people may benefit from tourism income, jobs and revenue (Haralambopolous and Pizam, 1996), but most of the time people react negatively towards tourism related activities, congestion, environmental degradation, and noise, as well as exclusion from the use of natural resources or infrastructure officially reserved for visitors (Johnston & Tyrrell, 2007). It is a common pattern is that local residences realize greater negative effects of tourism or costs related to tourism, such that sustainable goal for local residences are fewer tourists than the tourism industry desires (Johnston & Tyrrell, 2007).

Sustaining tourism and the future

Strategic planning for sustainable tourism:

Strategic planning is an essential requirement for the sustainable development and is considered vital in ensuring a destination’s resources are managed and sustained for the future, while still responding to environmental, financial, community and tourist needs (Ruhanen, 2010). The UNWTO have claimed that “the absence of planning has been responsible for most of the negative results of tourism development” (1983). A strategic plan will usually describe the present and planned directions and priorities, consider the scope or domain of action within which the organisation will try to achieve its objectives, while taking into account the skills, resources or distinctive competencies to be used to achieve its objectives (Ruhanen, 2010). According to Hall (2000), there are three objectives in the strategy for sustainable tourism; conservation of tourism resource values; enhanced experiences of the visitors who interact with tourism resources; and the maximisation of the economic, social and environmental returns to stakeholders in the host community (Ruhanen, 2010). There are many examples can be cited of potential projects of sustainable tourism without appropriate strategic tourism plan. The national Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Commemoration 2004-2006, which lost the opportunity to be a great success, have far received mixed reviews. Millions of dollars have been spent on infrastructure with almost no funding has been devoted to providing assistance to rural communities along the trail to develop marketing and promotional strategies or to incorporate specific sustainable programmes (Edgell, 2006).

Goeldner and Ritchie (2006) explained in their research that why sustainable development needs to be well planned and managed. According to