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Trauma, the overwhelming experience made by sudden or catastrophic events is often featured with belatedness and repetition, according Freud’s analysis to traumatic neurosis. Individual trauma, that is “a blow to the psyche that breaks through one’s defenses so suddenly and with such brutal force that one cannot react to it effectively” (Erikson, 1995: 187), is often exhibited through delayed reactions and varied aspects. In the beginning, physiological manifestations such as a rapid heartbeat, increased blood pressure, and dizziness are typically the most perceptible symptoms. Then, negative emotions and actions, including fear, helplessness, loss of control, and threat of death commonly follow; behavioral responses always include retreating or staying away from others, being hostile and aggressive, and having difficulties in communication. Meanwhile, cognitive reactions such as horrible dreams, flashback and self-separation also occur.

In this collection, Naipaul portrays a post-colonial picture of mess and misery, but in the meantime, he gives a more detailed depiction of the inner state of those vivid individuals. Thus, a series of wounded stories unfold to the readers, in which the symptoms are presented visibly or less tangibly. Here, three traumatic protagonists are involved: Santosh, the unnamed Trinidadian young man, and Bobby.

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II. Origins of Individual Trauma

When individual psychological trauma arouses general attention, it is of great significance to trace the roots of traumatic feelings and events. The exploration of traumatic causes is related to the field of mentality and society. Man, as a natural organism, is in need of relatedness, as mentioned above. However, the dissatisfaction of this need can generate the alienated mechanism, driving man into deeper abyss of trauma. Besides, against the background of exile, people in post-colonial era are more at risk of aloneness and rootlessness, influenced by which the wounded sensation is aggravating.

2.1 Psychological Alienation: Mechanism of “Escape from Freedom”

The continuous traumatic experience of victims is often represented by the alienated mental state of man, deeply initiated by the psychological mechanism. Thus, in order to figure out the root of Individual trauma, the question of alienation and the mechanism behind is unavoidable to expound.

Individual dissimilation, or alienation, can be simply described as “a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself as an alien” (Fromm, 2002:117), or one can say he becomes estranged from oneself. they no longer feel themselves as the center of their world, neither the creator of their acts. Instead, their behavior together with its consequences becomes the master of them, which they obeys or even worships, and there comes no productive relations between them and the outside world.

Chapter Two Estrangement: Collective Cultural Trauma

I. Trauma Symptoms of Estranged Groups

The deepening study of trauma promotes a shift in emphasis from psychological diseases to social sym本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。