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摘要：论文的第一章是一个简单的介绍，涉及到本文研究的目的和意义，同时本文的大体布局有所规划，根据介绍，读者对本文可能会产生一个基本的印象。变形一词本出自于希腊语，而形态学则是语言学的一个分支，尤其是形态学中的词汇学，它研究词的内部结构和规则，比如有一词多义，这也是属于形态学中语法的一个分支，它侧重于对结构和形式的研究，形态学的本质则是构词法。

the existence of these should in fact be checked before entering into any usage-based speculations.

4.6.2 Structural constraints

According to Plag (2006, p.550-551), structural factors which influence productivity can be divided into phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic constraints. Furthermore, they can be either general or process specific; the latter may relate to what the base or the derived word must be like. As Plag (1999, p.43-44) states, however, the boundaries between these divisions can be fuzzy.

As for general structural constraints, Plag (1999, p.45) lists ten of these but swiftly dismisses most of them. Among the more tenable ones is the unitary output hypothesis, which states that derivatives from a certain word-formation process to form a group uniquely distinguishable from others through its phonological, syntactic and semantic properties (Plag, 1999, p.49). While Bauer (2001, p.127-128) points out that semantic unity or disunity is in the eye of the analyst, he admits that the hypothesis is relatively uncontroversial.

The first kind of constraint on morphological productivity is the phonological constraints. The linguist Bauer defines three types of phonological constraints on morphology. 'At times, it is the segmental make-up of the base that is important. At others, it is the suprasegmental make-up of the base, such as stress placement. At last, it is the number syllables in the base that matters' (Plag, 1999, p.216). Thus, sounds, syllable and stress are important when we analyze the phonological constraints.

The three prefixes seem does not have any defined demand for these constraints. The last letter and syllable of the three prefix is all vowels, which make it is easier to attach any other base. However, a consonant is preferred. For the requirement of attached base, there is also not an asked demand for the syllables or stress. The first pronunciation of the attached base does not change as the request of the prefix. Moreover, for the prefix pre, fore, ante, the phonological constraints does not impact the productivity too much. They can combine with almost any attached base that starting with any sound or syllable.

The second structural constraint on morphological productivity is semantic constraints. Productivity can also be constrained by semantic factors. In some cases, semantic restrictions on the base are clearly a matter of what it makes sense to have a word for. For instance, in Modern Greek there is an affix -enios meaning 'made of' which attaches to the names of material (Mackridge, 1985, P.322). Since the only things that items can be made of are their materials, this is simply a matter of making sense. Actually, it is a matter of 'what it makes sense to have a word for' (Bauer, 2001, p.134). Thus, we need to analyze the meaning of the prefix and when it attaches to a base.

Prefix denotes a different meaning of 'previous' when it attached to a different base. The first meaning for pre is 'of time or order of succession' when it combines with verbs and participial adjectives, like, preboil, preapprehend, prebreathed and precleaned and so on. They always denote the meaning of 'before, in advance'.

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