英语论文网

手势的历史及在交流中的运用

在本文中，我将介绍关于非语言交流的一项内容，我们称之为手势交流。手势是人们为了表达想法或感受而用身体表示的动作。当然，这么说某种程度上带有唯意志主义的色彩。当有人捏你时，你表现出退缩的动作，这不能被称为手势。（肯东，1997年提出）手势在交流过程中被广泛运用，在每天的交流中我们都要用到它，绝大多数人甚至不作多想就自然而然地使用它。手势可以代表的意思非常多，所以我们必须选取一个较小的切入点。本文将集中关注使用手或手指的特定手势。首先，我对手势研究的成果进行介绍。其次，我将分析手势和口头语言的相互作用。最后，我将以电视剧《超人前传》中的剧情片段为例，阐述一下手势在个人朋友关系中的具体应用。

研究

首先我们来看看灵长类比如说类人猿和大猩猩。大多数灵长类都是可视的动物。和人类一样，灵长类的视觉高度发展，远远超过包括听觉在内其他四中感官的发展程度。思考一下这意味着什么。

Hand Gestures History And Usage Communications Essay
Published: 23, March 2015

In this paper I will talk about the part of nonverbal communication called gestures. A gesture is a movement of the body or a part of it that is expressive of thought or feeling. However there is a degree of voluntarism. If someone pinches you and you flinch that is not a gesture. (Kendon, 1997) Gestures are a common part of communication that we all use to communicate everyday and most of us do not even think twice about using them. As gestures can include a wide range of things a narrower focus is required. For this paper I will be focusing on gestures specifically involving the use of hands and/or fingers. First I will talk about research done on gestures. Second I will talk about the interaction between gestures and verbal language. Lastly I will apply the use of gestures to personal friendships using , examples from an episode from the television show Smallville.

研究——Research

Let us first consider primates such as apes and chimpanzees. Primates are mostly visual animals. Just as in humans, for primates vision is more highly developed than any of the other four senses including the sense of sound. Consider for a moment what this might mean. Primates, with the exception of humans, have much better cortical control over hand movements than over voice, which is mostly restricted to emotionally based sounds controlled by sub cortical structures. This means that early hominids would have been better at expressive, voluntary communication using hands. Perhaps this explains why it is much easier to teach higher level primates sign language than it is to teach them to speak. One early study showed that a chimpanzee raised by humans could learn to speak only three or four words but gorillas and chimpanzees have learned several hundred manual signs. (Corballis, 1999)

However primates other than humans are restricted in using hands for communications because the arms and hands are also involved in postural support and locomotion. Most primates are adapted for living above ground in the tress. Apes live on the ground but move in a four legged fashion. Our closest genetic relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, use what is known as knuckle walking in which the upper body is supported by the knuckles. Hominids are bipedal, walking upright which leaves their hands and arms free. (Corballis, 1999)

There is speculation that the split that resulted in some great apes becoming hominids may have been caused by the formation of the Great Rift Valley in Africa. Those apes which were to become hominids were largely confined to the east of the valley. The discovery of a 3.5 million year old fossil in Chad which is west of the valley has caused some argument. However all other hominid fossils from between four million and two million years