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as the fundamental of deep analysis around the topic. This section is responsible for examining the origin of scientific management as well as poses the purpose of this paper in general.

Following that, a critical discussion will be conducted surrounding diverse concepts of scientific management summarized by established scholars and experts. This section is namely “A Critical Discussion on Concepts of Scientific Management”.

Admittedly, the social and economic environment can greatly influence a company’s management systems. In consequence, in the third part, a comparison between industrial and post-industrial eras about three specific fields will be illustrated.
As one of the most crucial party of a company, managers should be more concerned about managing effectively in the post-industrial world. The fourth section is related with a demonstration of challenges faced by managers as using the scientific management pattern.

Finally, a brief summary about the most important contents of this paper will be repeated as to inform readers which parts should be more focused.

2. A Critical Discussion on Concepts of Scientific Management 科学管理概念的批判研究

2.1 Fundamentals of Scientific Management
According to Taylor (2004), the basic objective of management in general is to maximize individual’s prosperity in an organization as to achieve the maximum perspective for the employer. Apparently, the term “maximum prosperity” for employers refers to large dividends for the owner as well as the development of each branch of the business to a higher level. Thus, the consideration on this issue should be permanent.

With regard to the maximum perspective for each employee, it is more likely that not only higher wages are expected, but also increased opportunities for them to develop themselves toward a high working efficiency.

Influenced by the new era of knowledge economy, most entrepreneur performances demonstrate that talent and technology have been regarded as two cornerstones in organizations’ strategy making. Compared to tradition management style, which centralized the work as a universal goal, modern managerial pattern not only focuses on the improvement of company productivity, but also makes greater efforts to maintain positive relationships among the enterprises (Liu, 2004). According to CRF Company’s research (2007), this innovation of management is forced by the realistic business performances from labor unions, investors, and other corporations. Obviously, some external factors, containing historical anecdotes, international business environment and native laws or values, should also affect the comprehension of management. For instance, as the Renaissance, focused on humanity, modern western managers are constantly encouraged to offer employees welfare benefits.

Take Disney’s corporate level strategy as an instance, the company frequently refreshed its top management with new executives, who brought in new concepts, judging by its emphasis placed on ‘employee participation’, and also by realizing the increasing demand of adequate supply of goods and services (Liu, Lu, Zhao etc. 2006, p.156).

2.2 Principles of Scientific Management
As mentioned in Taylor’s (1911) book titled “The Principles of Scientific Management”, the