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知识产权通过无形的理念，发明和标志产生财产权利，这不同于传统的通过有形资源建立的财产权利。与传统的土地与有形资源领域的财产权相比，它的合理性在于它可用性的不足与缺乏和分享的不可能性。知识创造是非竞争性的，这意味着它们可以被发明，可以同时被许多个体拥有和使用，所以当申请知识产权的时候，对于财产传统的理解是不确定地。还有人争论说“公共货币的思想、演讲和言论应该在公共场合为大家保留”。必须给过去以及未来的对于知识产权的批评辩护。

在第二部分，开始将展示关于知识产权辩解的三个类别，包括自然权利的论点，奖励参数和功利主义的观点。自然权利和奖励参数关注个人在创造方面的私有兴趣而功利主义关注于公共兴趣。然后这些理论将被分产权、专利和商标三段仔细审查。产权、专利和商标的法律保护也会反过来被不同的原理阐述。在第三部分将得出结论。

Introduction

Intellectual property which creates property rights over intangibles such as ideas, inventions and signs differs from conventional property that establishes rights over tangible resources. Compared with the traditional property rights in land and tangible resources, the legitimacy of which is based on the scarcity or limited availability of such resources and the impossibility of sharing, intellectual creations are non-rivalrous, meaning that they can be invented, possessed and used by many individuals concurrently, so traditional rationales for property are problematic when applied to intellectual property. It is also argued that ideas as “common currency of thought, speech and language should be left in the public domain for others.” Justifications must be given for intellectual property in the face of past and continuing criticisms.

In section 2, three general categories of justifications for intellectual property including natural rights arguments, reward arguments and utilitarian arguments will be presented at the beginning. Natural rights arguments and reward arguments focus on one's private interest in the creation while utilitarian rationales concentrate on the public interest. Then the theories will be examined in detail in three subsections dealing with copyright, patents and trade marks separately. The legal protections of copyright, patents and trade marks will be justified by slightly different rationales in turn. And a conclusion will be drawn in section 3.

Justifications for intellectual property

literary, artistic and scientific works; performances of pcopyrighterforming artists, phonograms, and broadcasts; inventions in all fields of human endeavor; scientific discoveries; industrial designs; trademarks, service marks, and commercial names and designations; protection against unfair competition and all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.

This definition refers to the general area of law that comprises copyright, patents,本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。