工业与学术之间的差距 英语论文范文 [8]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-09-19编辑:yangcheng点击率:26560
论文字数:10965论文编号:org201409172240269951语种:英语 English地区:加拿大价格:免费论文
关键词:industryacademia农业国家差距巴基斯坦
摘要:本文是一篇工业与学术之间的差距的留学生论文,巴基斯坦证面临着不断增加的问题,所以我们可以把世界上经济繁荣的国家作为榜样,然后在几乎所有认为对国家的发展有用的方面,从他们身上学习经验。
f the SPIRT scheme is to introduce a flexible approach to R&D project development and implementation which is responsive to market demand, stimulate university/industry research and training linkages and encourage the development of long-term strategic alliances between university research providers and industry partners to utilize the available intellectual capital to meet the demands of economic and social development.
The Key Centers program was established in 1985, to provide a cornerstone for the initial development of linkages for contract and cooperative ventures between universities and industry, also including the generation of industry research funds. A number of centers which were originally established as Key Centers are now operating as self-funded centers, drawing their funding from a variety of sources, including industry.
Research funded through either the ARC’s basic research programs or a range of targeted industry linkage programs, provides vital long term benefits to Australia’s economic growth and competitiveness.
2.3.2 Tax Concession for Research and Development
Similar to tax credit in case of American policy, the R&D tax concession was introduced in 1985 to increase the level of R&D conducted in Australia. It enables eligible companies to claim 125 per cent of their industry R&D expenditure as a tax deduction, subject to meeting legislative requirements. This concession is also for those companies that contract out R&D activities to other companies or approved Registered Research Agencies (RRAs) which have the expertise and facilities to do specific types of R&D on behalf of others. A minimum R&D expenditure threshold of $20,000 applies to companies undertaking their own R&D. This threshold is waived if the work is contracted to an approved RRA.
Expenditure eligible under the concession at 125 per cent includes salaries, wages and overhead costs which are directly related to the company's R&D activities, contract expenditure, and capital expenditure on R&D plant, including pilot plant.
2.3.3 Cooperative Research Centers (CRC) Program
A CRC is a bridging mechanism linking public sector research and higher education organizations and the users of new knowledge, from the private and public sector. CRC’s overall objective is to strengthen long term collaboration between research organizations, and the users of research, in order to obtain greater benefits from Australia’s investment in R&D. Importantly, it also seeks to contribute to postgraduate education in a user-oriented collaborative environment, and to train users to raise awareness and transfer knowledge.
The program commenced in 1990, with the first CRCs established in 1991. The CRC program addresses important weaknesses in the national innovation system, in particular the disincentives to collaboration among research providers and Australian businesses, the weak links between research organizations and users, the lack of critical mass due to the institutional and geographical dispersion of Australian research and research application, the lack of mobility of personnel between government research, academia and industry, and the challenges of effective international links for a country isolated from the international centers of research and innovation. The program complements the work of the univers
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