摘要:本文是一篇工业与学术之间的差距的留学生论文,巴基斯坦证面临着不断增加的问题,所以我们可以把世界上经济繁荣的国家作为榜样,然后在几乎所有认为对国家的发展有用的方面,从他们身上学习经验。
rete actions. The National University of Singapore (NUS) identifies a number of potential situations that are likely to arise.
Misusing students by hiring them as cheap labor,
Transmitting privileged information that is not generally available to the company,
Undertaking or changing the orientation of research to serve the needs of the company,
Using university resources for company activities,
Purchasing equipment from the company in which the researcher has an interest,
Funding by the company of a project related to the licensed technology.
In addition to these, NUS regards consulting, equity ownership, royalty interest and family ties as potential areas for conflict. For each one of these situations, NUS provides certain policy and guidelines to minimize the risks.
3.1 Japan
In Japan, many good universities were traditionally State-owned and had thus been shielded from the pressures of the private sector. As a result, they had shown little interest in working with business. It was only as late as 1990s that Japanese society became serious about establishing mutually supportive relations between the two communities. The direct cause of this change was the heavy loss of competitiveness by Japanese firms to the United States in such key sectors as information technology and biotechnology. The response to these new challenges was to upgrade industrial structures and raise the competitiveness of Japanese industry. As a result, companies began to show increasing interest in utilizing the knowledge of universities rather than doing all of their research on their own. Under the pressure of global competition, utilizing the most advanced knowledge developed by universities became the top priority for Japan.
Laws to Facilitate Technology Transfer
Laws/policies
Year
JapaneseScienceandTechnologyPolicy
1996
JapaneseversionoftheBayh-DoleAct
1999
BasicLawforIPRs
2002
Lawtoalterthelegalstatusofnationaluniversitiesfromagovernmentinstitutiontoanindependentadministrativeentity,
2004
Table : Japanese government acts passes for U-I collaboration
In Japan, formal U-I Collaboration dates back to 1983, when joint research projects with the private sector were first approved, but it was in the 90’s that U-I Collaboration was given full recognition as a major policy direction in the Japanese science and technology policy. The Basic Plan for Science and Technology, adopted by the Cabinet in 1996 stressed the importance of promoting collaboration between universities and business. During the few years that followed, several important decisions were made at the governmental level, including the Japanese version of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1999 and the Basic Law for IPRs of 2002. Pursuant to the Basic Law for Science and Technology, the Science and Technology Council draw up a “Basic Plan for Science and Technology” every five years.
3.1.2 Japanese Law and TLO
The law Promoting Technology Transfers from Academia of 1996 was the first in a line of legislative attempts to facilitate technology transfers. It was followed by a second law, the Industrial Revitalizing Law of 1999, which established a legal structure sim
本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。