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of stance, namely, manner of speaking, approximation, conviction and certainty,actuality and emphasis, possibility and likelihood, and attitude. As the encoding of both affectand evidentiality, such as emotions, feelings, moods, etc, stance is often seen in four registers:conversation, news, fiction and academic prose. Based on this research, the notion of the term‘stance’ was further broadened into three semantic categories: epistemic stance, attitudinalstance and style stance (Biber et al., 1999). Accordingly, epistemic stance indicates thespeaker or writer’s comments on certainty, reliability, limitations of a proposition, and sourceof information, and is associated with both modality and evidentiality. Attitudinal stanceconveys the speaker or writer’s attitudes, feelings and value judgments, including“evaluations and emotions of all kinds” (Biber et al., 1999: 974). Style stance is concernedwith the speaker or writer’s “comments on the communication itself” (Biber et al., 1999: 975).

2.1.1 Studies Abroad

The studies on stance abroad range from primarily contrastive ones on stance acrossregisters (Chafe, 1986; Holmes, 1988; Biber & Finegan, 1989; Biber, 2006), between nativeand non-native English speakers, (Neff et al., 2003; Martinet, 2005; Bithener et al., 2006),among authors of different proficiency levels (Berman, 2004; Janet et al., 2005; Reilly et al.,2005), between genders (Lakoff, 1972; Coates, 1996, 2003), among different age groups(Reilly et al., 2005), and between British and American English (Precht, 2003), etc. to studiesfocus on lexis (Chafe, 1986; Holmes, 1988; Thompson and Ye, 1991; Charles, 2003; Keckand Biber, 2004) and syntax (Biber et a1.,1999; Hyland 2001; Janet et al., 2005).

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2.2 Previous studies on MDA

2.2.1 Studies abroad

Multimodality, or MDA, defines the ways in which different semiotic resources such aslanguage, color, dress, and gesture are concurrently deployed in communication across arange of overlapping spheres such as politics, art, education, and everyday interactions(Kaltenbacher, 2004).

Initiated by the research conducted by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006), the research ofMDA follows two interdependent directions. The first is concerned about mapping the historyand unique meaning-making potential of individual semiotic resources (e.g., visual design,action/gesture, typography). The second focuses on theorizing and analyzing the interactionbetween different semiotic resources in multimodal communication in specific social contexts.The main distinct researching approaches in MDA are the social semiotic one and theinteractional. The social semiotic approach lays foundation in Halliday’s (1978) theory oflanguage as a social semiotic, in which language is viewed as “one of the semiotic systemsthat constitute a culture” (1978 :2), interpreted “by reference to its place in the social process”(1978: 4) and modeled as a meaning-making resource in response to the three metafunctions itserves in society.

The focus on meaning, definition of culture as “a set of semiotic systems, a set ofsystems of meaning” (Halliday, 1985: 4), and model of the dynamic relationship betweenmodes have stimulated social semiotic theory’s expansion beyond language and apply itacross different modes and their interaction. It also addresses the ways multimodalmeaning-making reflects the i本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。