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财政历史:Ming Dynasty the country's fiscal and taxation [3]

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2013-08-28编辑:yangcheng点击率:4674

论文字数:1557论文编号:org201308272107004168语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文

关键词:财政历史明清财政明清经济

摘要:明朝是中国历史上一个奇特的朝代,它的独特之处在于其农村经济观念,这是十六、十七世纪中国经济发展的情况所决定的,我们可以称之为保守性的。明朝以前中国经济的发展已经呈现出巨大的地域性差异。

appointed by the emperor. All income, but also the emperor's revenue. Central government expenditure are derived from local officials to pay taxes. In most cases, the central and provincial share of the revenues. Most local officials in accordance with the procedure established their tax revenues to different receivers SLM warehouse. Taxes grain SLM, save in the local balance called "retention." In the country, any taxes are included, "FOB" and "retention" in two parts, lifetime income for local officials stipends, clan's salary, these remaining custody by local officials by the emperor, not the emperor's permission, they have no right treatment. This effectively means, including local officials, including most of the magistrate charged with the imperial government in the country's financial management responsibilities. The lifetime income is neither surplus nor local revenue, but managed by local officials, these places where imperial officials played the role of chief financial officer. Distributed under the control of the centralized management means that all levels of officials, county officials, the most important financial responsibilities. Most countries have income by county officials, including land tax collection. There are some central provinces straight stationed sector, there are a few in the county government in the province and the financial branches. Used in these sectors old fee, in addition to other than pensions, are not derived from the normal tax revenue, but from village A Centrist intrinsic materials and servants. These materials and the officers not only for the cost of maintaining county government itself, but also to separate the part to the higher authorities. Also part of the income of the local levy to pay to Beijing. Although the central government agency in one of the few places, but its office expenses also levy faction in place. In practice the central government is making to establish branches in restricted areas, but also by the people they charge an extra burden. Government's main duty is to audit the financial affairs. Prefect to ensure that all planned to levy money and grain normal SLM and manage taxes and service institutions, such as government positions, Riverbed and so on. In the early Ming Dynasty, each house has a fixed tax credits. Prefect has the right to adjust the respective county taxes grain credits. However, this adjustment does not mean necessarily valid, depending on whether it can be approved by the provincial department or the emperor, but also depends on the attitude of government officials to monitor. But he was able to recommend changing tax grain MLC, adjusting consumption pie, or change the discount rate is satisfied, and thus to some extent the actual adjustment of the county's tax burden.


Provincial level management is also a lack of uniformity. Administrative commissioner in charge of finance, but also the right to inspect flood provincial judge Division plans, Mita, etc., sometimes Du Li Bing Jia equipment. Each department has its own provincial judge treasury, as part of their income from expiation, there is a part of various projects under its supervision and program requirements of the various corvee and supply off-color. Anchashi Secretary's duty is checked and corrected in the course of a variety of tax administration abuses of power, some of the provincial judge may establish the basic principles of labor silver coll论文英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写英语论文代写代写论文代写英语论文代写留学生论文代写英文论文留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。

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