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e business of exporting RE overseas. Aside from the usual application of which submitting documents are to be completed in English language, the Chinese customs also required companies to submit additional documents (including entry papers) in Chinese language, as part of their EL’s application procedures. [8] This prompted companies spending more of their time on the translation and administrative matters and as expected, this caused the delay in the whole application process. Then, there were also cases of unsuccessful customs clearance where ELs were not given to companies even though they submitted their application paperwork in the ports throughout China. As disclosed by the Chinese customs, the reason for such imposition was due to the companies’ significantly lower export-bound RE product prices than the required minimum RE customs clearance prices set by the Chinese government. [9] Similar to China’s application procedural restriction, the failed customs clearance for RE export is bound to spur both foreign and Chinese companies that supplied the precious minerals to Japanese businesses, to shift their attention to foreign markets other than Japan.

 

The most problematic restriction, however, is the withholding of RE shipments bound for Japan. As reported by METI, the RE cargoes bound for Japan were withheld for further inspection in the bonded zone, the area where commodities were stored for eventual shipments, after September 21, 2010. [10] These suspended RE produce, in turn, were subjected to stringent inspections by Chinese custom officers up to the point that it is almost impossible to come into grasp the standard procedures practiced by the regulatory body. 114 of those Japanese companies being polled had admitted that there was a sharp rise in the inspection rates for both ship and air cargoes by the end of September the same year: six-fold increase of inspection rate for ship cargoes from 3 to 5 per cent to 20 to 30 per cent; and around ten to seventeen times of inspection frequency for air cargoes from 3 to 5 per cent to 50 per cent. [11] Unlike the previous two, this form of restriction was so effective in delaying all RE shipments destined for Japan, a situation so severe that prompted the then vice-trade minister, Yoshikatsu Nakayama, to publicly confess that Japan would run out all of its reserves within six to seven months if there were no new batches of RE loads coming from China. [12] The importance of the shipments curtail was further demonstrated when Beijing continued to retain such measure for another few months despite termination of EL application and customs clearance restrictions a day after the release of the Chinese trawler’s captain on September 28.

 

From an overall supply and demand outlook, China’s export quota and recent RE shipping restriction policies have resulted in an imbalance picture between Chinese deteriorating RE shipments to Japan and Japanese rising demand for rare earth minerals, at least until 2010. As shown in the graph below that outlines Japan’s RE demand and Chinese imports from 2006 to 2011, the positive trend between the two has been reversed since 2008, five years after the introduction of China’s RE export quota in 2003. While the volume of Japanes本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。