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4.1引言
在过去的几十年里,跨国企业(跨国公司)的业务和外国直接投资(FDI) 在国家和国际经济发展进程的重要因素方面已经受到了越来越多的认可。这种认知不仅是由于前所未有的国际资本流动量的增加,而且是由于外国直接投资的存在可以对东道主经济体的经济发展有着深远的影响。外商直接投资不仅带来了资金,还引进和转让了先进的技术,可以加快东道国的技术进步。外国直接投资还可以增加东道国的竞争，并帮助其实现一个更高效的资源配置。此外,也有人认为,外商直接投资所产出的溢出效应是现代技术扩散最重要的渠道。实证研究表明,外国直接投资往往会产生正面的溢出效益,提高东道国的生产力绩效。它也解释了为什么许多政府提供了吸引外商直接投资的有利规定的主要原因之一。

Operations Of Multinational Enterprises And Fdi Economics Essay

4.1 Introduction

In the last few decades, the operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and foreign direct investment (FDI) have received increasing recognition as important determinants of national and international processes of economic development. This recognition is not only due to the unprecedented expansion of the volume of international capital flows, but also to the fact that the presence of FDI can have far reaching effects on processes of economic development in host economies. FDI not only brings in capital but also introduce and transfer advanced technology that can enhance the technological progress of the host country. FDI can also increase competition and help achieve a more efficient allocation of resources in the host country. Furthermore, it is argued that spillovers from FDI are the most important channel for the diffusion of modern technology. The empirical studies suggest that FDI tends to generate positive spillover benefits and improve the productivity performance of the host country. It is also one of main reasons to explain why many governments have offered favourable regulations to attract FDI.

However, recent empirical studies, which mainly focused on FDI spillovers, have shown mixed evidence on FDI spillover effects on the productivity performance in the host economy. Some studies have found that the presence of FDI creates positive spillover effects in host economies productivity (Caves, 1974; Kokko, 1994; Blomstrom and Sjoholm, 1999; Xu, 2000), and expanding infrastructure facilities, which makes it easier and profitable for local firms to crowd-in. It becomes critical problem for developing countries to tap the expected benefits from the inflow of FDI due to lack of appropriate institutional setup, presence of technology gap, and these effects are not readily available (Blomstrom and Kokko, 1998; Dunning and Narula, 1996). However, several recent studies argue that the presence of foreign firms have negative effects to domestic firms’ productivity in two important ways. First, not only do they suggest that positive spillovers may be less prevalent as previously thought, but, more importantly, they also indicate that the presence of foreign firms may lead to significant negative spillovers which occur with competition over limited resources and limited skilled manpower, costs associated with inflow of FDI, such as restrictive business practices by foreign firms (i.e., intra-firm trade, transfer pricing, and profit repatriation) and in the case of developing countries, governments forgone tax revenue (or high subsidies), the high technological gap between local and foreign firms (Haddad, 1993; Aitken and Harrison, 1999). Second, recent empirical works find that the occurrence of externalities is affected by structural factors. The sole factor that is commonly recognised relates to the concept of absorptive capacity, indicating that positive externalities from FDI may occur only when domestic firms