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the future.A good translated text is determined by significant elements.Inaddition,the translator has to obey three steps:pre-translation,while-translation andpost-translation.As the most important step,preparation before translation includesfour steps to ensure a smooth translation process.

Various tools are valuable helpers in the translation process.With regard toonline resources,the translator chooses Wikipedia,CNKI series,Wangfang databaseand e-books.As for some specialized words,the translator searches them both inInternet and dictionaries,especially some French.Therefore,before translation,threedictionaries including Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary,Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture and Dictionnaire de la LangueFrancaise Alec Explications Bilingues Larousse are prepared.In addition,referencebooks are important tools which will help the translator to avoid misunderstandingspecialized content.Overall,these tools cannot only help the translator collect thebackground of the author and the book but also fill the translator’s gap of translationtheories.

Background of the source text may help the translator get familiar with the book.Indeed,it is essential to focus on some information,such as the introduction of theauthor and his writing habit,the words used in this book,and the author’s writingpurpose.The translator learns the background and the author of this book fromInternet and related papers.Moreover,the translator also reads e-books related to theauthor on the Amazonas.In addition,this translation practice needs a suitable theoryas a guide.Therefore,the translator refers to the primary theories on the Internet,including functional equivalence theory,skopos theory,relevance theory,etc.

2.2 While-translation

To ensure the translation quality,the translator follows the translation principle.After the text reading,with the aid of translation theories and skills,the translatorbegins to translate the original text.In addition,during the translation process,thetranslator analyzes the content and chooses appropriate expressions.

Understanding is a prerequisite for translation.Before translation,the source texthas been read.However,different cultures and languages make a gap in translation.Therefore,the original text needs to be fully understood.A good understandingdecides an accurate expression,which helps a lot in word choosing.Hence,it isimportant to understand the relation between words,sentences and paragraphs.

Obviously,the structure of English is different from Chinese.During thetranslation process,the translator may meet problems.For example,the translatorknows the meaning of the original text,but it is difficult for her to choose a preciseword.Moreover,English uses hypotaxis,but Chinese uses parataxis,so word orderand sentence structures are different.In terms of words,the translator changes parts ofspeech or uses homoionym.As for sentences,the translator analyzes the context anduses diverse means of conversion.Moreover,the translator should get familiar withthis type of writings and expressions of the author.In addition,it is important toensure that the content of the original text is smoothly translated.

Chapter III Theoretical Framework of the Translation.......................7

3.1 Nida’s Theory of Functional Equivalence.........................7