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and in doing so has to bind to receptors and then either fuse or undergo endocytosis. However, host cells have various mechanisms by which they are able to stop a virus from spreading and causing further infections. Next, there is a discussion about the relationship between the host range of a virus and whether or not it is a factor in determining the likelihood of host switching. The authors state that regardless of the host range of a virus, both generalist and specialist viruses have been successful in transmission into a new host. Lastly, the authors examine mutations and adaptations of viruses in response to their ability to emerge and cause diseases. These last few paragraphs consider what occurs once a virus has entered into a host cell and its ability to maintain entry by undergoing advantageous mutations or further adapting to the recipient hosts. The article ends with a basic summary or overview of all the information presented earlier with the outlook of being able to control future epidemic diseases. Upon reading this journal article, the style of writing is rather complex in certain sections which would inhibit the audience from fully understanding the material. Also, there appear to be no major experiments or tests conducted by the authors for the journal article only contains basic information and referenced data. Further, in quite a few sections, the authors use phrases such as, “poorly understood” and “we know relatively little” in discussing the information. This would most likely make the audience skeptical as to the authors' competence and understanding of the information being presented. In addition, while presenting their information, the authors mainly focus on few specific viruses such as HIV, SARS and Influenza. What about the rest? Are other viruses less prone to host switching or crossing barriers? These aspects need to be addressed so that the audience is not able to ponder and make generalizations. Lastly, no solution is stated as to the prevention of future epidemics from the possibility of viral host switching. The only statements made in the journal consisted of being able to better understand the information presented and the complexities that follow this topic. Overall, this article should only be used as background information in aiding previous knowledge on the topic. The authors accomplish the task of providing the audience with information, but the style and the presentation should have been executed differently.

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